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Executive Order 11034 🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority Constitutional Neutral (+0.02) 📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution

Executive Order 11034—Administration of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961

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Monday, June 25, 1962
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11 min read (2,172 words)

Executive Brief • At a Glance

⏱️ 11 min read (2,172 words) • ● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate

The following functions conferred upon the President by the Act are hereby delegated to the Secretary of State: (1) The functions so conferred by Sections 102(a) (1), 102(a) (2) (i), (ii), and (iv), 102(b) (3), (5) and (9), 103, 104(e)(3), and 105 (d)(1) and (e) of the Act.

⚖️ Constitutional Footing
🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority
Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises Sovereign State Governments & Localities Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants Private Citizens & Property Owners

Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis

Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.

Signed by President John F. Kennedy on June 25, 1962, this order concerns Administration of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. Department of State. (a) The following functions conferred upon the President by the Act are hereby delegated to the Secretary of State: (1) The functions so conferred by Sections 102(a) (1), 102(a) (2) (i), (ii), and (iv), 102(b) (3), (5) and (9), 103, 104(e)(3), and 105 (d)(1) and (e) of the Act.

Constitutional Assessment: This action represents an orderly exercise of Article II administrative discretion, managing the internal machinery and personnel of the executive branch without abridging the ancient liberties of the people.

Key Directives & Operative Actions

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The following functions conferred upon the President by the Act are hereby delegated to the Secretary of State: (1) The functions so conferred by Sections 102(a) (1), 102(a) (2) (i), (ii), and (iv), 102(b) (3), (5) and (9), 103, 104(e)(3), and 105 (d)(1) and (e) of the Act.

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The functions so conferred by Sections 104 (d) and (e)(4) and 108 (c) and (d) of the Act to the extent that they pertain to the functions delegated by the foregoing provisions of this section.

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The function so conferred by Section 104(e)(1) of the Act of prescribing rates for per diem in lieu of subsistence; but in carrying out the said function as it relates to functions herein delegated to the Director of the United States Information Agency or the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, the Secretary of State shall consult with them.

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The Secretary of State, in collaboration with the Director of the United States Information Agency, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare with respect to the functions delegated by Sections 2, 3, and 4, respectively, of this order, shall prepare and transmit to the President the reports which the President is required to submit to the Congress by Section 108 (b) of the Act.

Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted

🏛️ Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises 🏛️ Sovereign State Governments & Localities 🏛️ Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants 🏛️ Private Citizens & Property Owners 🏛️ Foreign Nations & International Entities
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The Framers' Constitutional Council

1787 Prism

Evaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.

🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority)
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"When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization of Congress, his authority is at its maximum, for it includes all that he possesses in his own right plus all that Congress can delegate."

— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
JM

James Madison

Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy

"The constitutional magistracy was designed not to invent policy, but to be the faithful instrument of the laws passed by the people's representatives." — Speech in the First Congress (1789)

Madison would approve the structural posture of this order. The President acts strictly in subordination to statutory authority granted under Article II, Section 3 ("take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"). The checks and balances hold firm because the policy origin remains with the legislature.

Madisonian Stance: Concurring (Statutory)
AH

Alexander Hamilton

The Energetic Executive & Unified Command

"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)

Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.

Hamiltonian Stance: Supportive of Execution
GM

George Mason

Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment

"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)

The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.

Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
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Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions

An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.

⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
50 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8

Legislative Encroachment & Purse

High Friction

Touches upon core congressional prerogatives: raises appropriations reallocation, tariff imposition, or statutory preemption questions.

Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3

Executive Scope & Faithfulness

Low Friction

Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.

Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment

Federalism & State Sovereignty

High Friction

Creates friction with the Tenth Amendment by conditioning state grants, mandating local compliance, or preempting state police powers.

Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments

Due Process & Individual Rights

Moderate Friction

Applies regulatory or compliance standards to private contractors or commercial entities.

Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers

Youngstown Jacksonian Tier

Low Friction

The President operates strictly as the constitutional Chief Executive, carrying out policy established by Congress with strong statutory backing.

Benchmark: Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
⚖️ Audit Synthesis

This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.

Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
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How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
2,172
12,983 characters
Estimated Read Time
11 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
13.4
College Level
Language Tone Score
+0.02
Constitutional Neutral
How is this scored?
Text size:

Official Archival Text

View Source Document

By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (Public Law 87-256; 75 Stat. 527; hereinafter referred to as the Act), and as President of the United States, I find that the delegations set forth in this order are in the interest of the purposes expressed in the said Act and the efficient administration of the programs undertaken pursuant to that Act and determine that the delegates specified in the order are appropriate and I hereby order as follows: SECTION 1. Department of State. (a) The following functions conferred upon the President by the Act are hereby delegated to the Secretary of State: (1) The functions so conferred by Sections 102(a) (1), 102(a) (2) (i), (ii), and (iv), 102(b) (3), (5) and (9), 103, 104(e)(3), and 105 (d)(1) and (e) of the Act. (2) The functions so conferred by Sections 102 (a) (9) (iii) and (b) (1), (2), (4), (7) and (8) of the Act (the provisions of Section 2(a) of this order notwithstanding). (3) The functions so conferred by Section 102 (a) (8) of the Act to the extent that they pertain to liquidation of affairs respecting the Universal and International Exhibition of Brussels, 1958. (4) The functions so conferred by Sections 104 (d) and (e)(4) and 108 (c) and (d) of the Act to the extent that they pertain to the functions delegated by the foregoing provisions of this section. (5) The function so conferred by Section 104(e)(1) of the Act of prescribing rates for per diem in lieu of subsistence; but in carrying out the said function as it relates to functions herein delegated to the Director of the United States Information Agency or the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, the Secretary of State shall consult with them. (b) The Secretary of State, in collaboration with the Director of the United States Information Agency, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare with respect to the functions delegated by Sections 2, 3, and 4, respectively, of this order, shall prepare and transmit to the President the reports which the President is required to submit to the Congress by Section 108 (b) of the Act. (c) With respect to the carrying out of functions under Section 102(a)(2) (ii) of the Act hereinabove delegated to the Secretary of State, the Director of the United States Information Agency shall participate in the planning of cultural and other attractions. Such participation shall include consultation in connection with (1) the selection and scheduling of such attractions, and (2) the designation of the areas where the attractions will be presented. SEC. 2. United States Information Agency. Subject to the provisions of Section 6 of this order, the following functions conferred upon the President by the Act are hereby delegated to the Director of the United States Information Agency: (a) The functions so conferred by Sections 102 (a)(2)(iii) and (b) (1); Section 102 (b)(2) to the extent that it authorizes the type of centers now supported by the United States Information Agency abroad and designated as binational, community, or student centers; Section 102 (b) (4) exclusive of professorships and lectureships; and Sections 102(b) (7) and (8) of the Act; all of the foregoing notwithstanding the provisions of Section 1 (a) (2) of this order. (b) The functions so conferred by Section 104(e)(4) of the Act (the provisions of Sections l(a)(4) and 3(b) of this order notwithstanding). (c) The functions so conferred by Section 102(a)(3) of the Act to the extent that they are in respect of fairs, expositions, and demonstrations held outside of the United States, but exclusive of the functions delegated by the provisions of Section 1 (a)(3) of this order. (d) The functions so conferred by Sections 104(d) and 108 (c) and (d) of the Act to the extent that they pertain to the functions delegated by the foregoing provisions of this section. SEC. 3. Department of Commerce. Subject to the provisions of Section 6 of this order, the following functions conferred upon the President by the Act are hereby delegated to the Secretary of Commerce: (a) The functions so conferred by Section 102(a)(3) of the Act to the extent that they are in respect of fairs, expositions, and demonstrations held in the United States. (b) The functions so conferred by Sections 104(e) (4) and 108(c) of the Act to the extent that they pertain to the functions delegated by the foregoing provisions of this section. SEC. 4. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Subject to the provisions of Section 6 of this order, the functions conferred upon the President by Section 102(b) (6) of the Act are hereby delegated to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. SEC. 5. Certain incidental matters. (a) In respect of functions hereinabove delegated to them, there is hereby delegated to the Secretary of State, the Director of the United States Information Agency, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, respectively: (1) The authority conferred upon the President by Sections 105 (d) (2) and (f) and 106 (d) and (f) of the Act. (2) Subject to the provisions of Section 5 (b) and (c) of this order, the authority conferred upon the President by Section 104 (b) of the Act to employ personnel. (b) The employment, by any department or other executive agency under Section 5 (a) (2) of this order, of any of the not to exceed ten persons who may be compensated without regard to the Classification Act of 1949 under Section 104 (b) of the Act shall require prior authorization by the Secretary of State concurred in by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget. (c) Persons employed or assigned by a department or other executive agency for the purpose of performing functions under the Act outside the United States shall be entitled, except in cases in which the period of employment or assignment exceeds thirty months, to the same benefits as are provided by Section 528 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 928), for persons appointed to the Foreign Service Reserve. In cases in which the period of employment or assignment exceeds thirty months, persons so employed or assigned shall be entitled to such benefits if agreed by the agency in which such benefits may be exercised. (d) Pursuant to Section 104(f) of the Act, Executive Order No. 10450 of April 27, 1953 (18 F.R. 2489) is hereby established as the standards and procedures for the employment or assignment to duties of persons under the Act. (e) Any officer to whom functions vested in the President by the Act are hereinabove delegated may (1) allocate to any other officer of the executive branch of the Government any funds appropriated or otherwise made available for the functions so delegated to him as he may deem appropriate for the best carrying out of the functions and (2) make available, for use in connection with any funds so allocated by him, any authority he has under this order. SEC. 6 . Policy guidance. In order to assure appropriate coordination of programs, and taking into account the statutory functions of the departments and other executive agencies concerned, the Secretary of State shall exercise primary responsibility for Government-wide leadership and policy guidance with regard to international educational and cultural affairs. SEC. 7. Functions reserved to the President. (a) There are hereby excluded from the functions delegated by the provisions of this order the functions conferred upon the President with respect to (1) the delegation of powers under Section 104 (a) of the Act, (2) the establishment of standards and procedures for the investigation of personnel under Section 104 (f) of the Act, (3) the transfer of appropriations under Section 105(c) of the Act, (4) the appointment of members of the Board of Foreign Scholarships under Section 106 (a) (1) of the Act, (5) the appointment of members, the designation of a chairman, and the receipt of recommendations of the United States Advisory Commission on International Educational and Cultural Affairs under Section 106 (b) of the Act, (6) the waiver of provisions of law or limitations of authority under Section 108 (a) of the Act, and (7) the submission of annual reports to the Congress under Section 108 (b) of the Act. (b) Notwithstanding the delegations made by this order, the President may in his discretion exercise any function comprehended by such delegations. SEC. 8. Waivers. (a) It is hereby determined that the performance by any department or other executive agency of functions authorized "by Sections 102(a) (2) and 102(a) (3) of the Act (22 U.S.C. 2452(a)(2) and (3)) without regard to prohibitions and limitations of authority contained in the following-specified provisions of law is in furtherance of the purposes of the Act: (1) Section 15 of the Administrative Expenses Act of 1946 (c. 744, August 2, 1946; 60 Stat. 810), as amended (5 U.S.C. 55a) (experts and consultants); but the compensation paid individuals in pursuance of this paragraph shall not exceed the rate of $100.00 per diem. (2) Section 16(a) of the Administrative Expenses Act of 1946 (c. 744, August 2, 1946; 60 Stat. 810; 5 U.S.C. 78) to the extent that it pertains to hiring automobiles and aircraft. (3) Section 3648 of the Revised Statutes, as amended (31 U.S.C. 529) (advance of funds). (4) Section 322 of the Act of June 30, 1932, c. 314, 47 Stat. 412 (40 U.S.C. 278a) (maximum charges). (5) Section 3709 of the Revised Statutes, as amended (41 U.S.C. 5 ) ( competitive bids). (6) Section 3710 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 8) (opening of bids). (7) Section 2 of the Act of March 3, 1933, c. 212, 47 Stat. 1520 (41 U.S.C. 10a) (Buy American Act). (8) Section 3735 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 13) (contracts limited to one year ). (9) Sections 302-305 of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (June 30, 1949, c. 288, 63 Stat. 393 et seq.), as amended (41 U.S.C. 252-255) (competitive bids; negotiated contracts; advances). (10) Section 87 of the Act of January 12, 1895, c. 23, 28 Stat. 622, and the second proviso of Section 11 of the Act of March 1, 1919, c. 86, 40 Stat. 1270, as amended (44 U.S.C. 111) to the extent that they pertain to printing by the Government Printing Office. (11) Section 1 of the Act of June 20, 1878, c. 359, 20 Stat. 216, as amended (44 U.S.C. 322) (advertising). (12) Section 3828 of the Revised Statutes (44 U.S.C. 324) (advertising). (13) Section 901(a) of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (June 29, 1936, c. 858, 49 Stat. 2015, as amended; 46 U:S.C. 1241(a)) (official travel overseas of United States officers and employees, and transportation of their personal effects, on ships registered under the laws of the United States). (14) Any provision of law or limitation of authority to the extent that such provision or limitation would limit or prohibit construction of buildings by the United States on property not owned by it. (b) It is directed (1) that all waivers of statutes and limitations of authority effected by the foregoing provisions of this section shall be utilized in a prudent manner and as sparingly as may be practical, and (2) that suitable steps shall be taken by the administrative agencies concerned to insure that result, including, as may be appropriate, the imposition of administrative limitations in lieu of waived statutory requirements and limitations of authority. SEC. 9 . Definition. As used in this order, the word "function" or "functions" includes any duty, obligation, power, authority, responsibility, right, privilege, discretion, or activity. SEC. 10. References to orders and acts. Except as may for any reason be inappropriate: (a) References in this order to the Act or any provision of the Act shall be deemed to include references thereto as amended from time to time. (b) References in this order to any prior Executive order not superseded by this order shall be deemed to include references thereto as amended from time to time. SEC. 11. Prior directives and actions. (a) This order supersedes Executive Order No. 10716 of June 17, 1957, and Executive Order No. 10912 of January 18, 1961. Except to the extent that they may be inconsistent with law or with this order, other directives, regulations, and actions relating to the functions delegated by this order and in force immediately prior to the issuance of this order shall remain in effect until amended, modified, or revoked by appropriate authority. (b) This order shall neither limit nor be limited by Executive Order No. 11014 of April 17, 1962. (c) To the extent not heretofore superseded, there are hereby superseded the provisions of the letters of the President to the Director of the United States Information Agency dated August 16, 1955, and August 21, 1956 (22 F.R. 101-103). SEC. 12. Effective date. The provisions of this order shall be effective immediately. JOHN F. KENNEDY

THE WHITE HOUSE, #signature

June 25, 1962

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Referenced By Later Executive Orders (2)

Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.

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Scholarly & Legal Citations

Exec. Order No. 11,034 (June 25, 1962), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-11034-administration-the-mutual-educational-and-cultural-exchange-act-1961.