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Executive Order 11107 ⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight Constitutional Neutral (+0.02) 📜 5th Amend: Regulatory Execution with Due Process

Executive Order 11107—Administration of Alaska Railroads

•
Thursday, April 25, 1963
•
3 min read (628 words)

Executive Brief • At a Glance

⏱️ 3 min read (628 words) • ● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate

The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to operate the railroad or railroads, branch lines, feeders and telegraph and telephone lines incident thereto, constructed or acquired under the Act of March 12, 1914, or Acts supplemental thereto, in all respects and to all intents and purposes as if the operation thereof had been placed by law under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior, except that the authority of the Secretary under this order "to fix, change, or modify rates for the transportation of passengers and property" shall be subject to the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission under Section 3 of this order.

⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight
Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
📜 5th Amend: Regulatory Execution with Due Process
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Private Citizens & Property Owners

Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis

Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.

Signed by President John F. Kennedy on April 25, 1963, this order concerns Administration of Alaska Railroads. General responsibility for railroad. The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to operate the railroad or railroads, branch lines, feeders and telegraph and telephone lines incident thereto, constructed or acquired under the Act of March 12, 1914, or Acts supplemental thereto, in all respects and to all intents and purposes as if the operation thereof had been placed by law under the jurisdiction of the Secretary…

Constitutional Assessment: Evaluated against the Fifth Amendment, this action touches upon property or economic rights. An early statesman would insist upon strict adherence to due process of law and the constitutional guarantee that private holdings shall not be encumbered or taken for public purposes without just compensation and lawful process.

Key Directives & Operative Actions

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The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to operate the railroad or railroads, branch lines, feeders and telegraph and telephone lines incident thereto, constructed or acquired under the Act of March 12, 1914, or Acts supplemental thereto, in all respects and to all intents and purposes as if the operation thereof had been placed by law under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior, except that the authority of the Secretary under this order "to fix, change, or modify rates for the transportation of passengers and property" shall be subject to the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission under Section 3 of this order.

▪

In connection with carrying out the authority under the Alaska Railroad Act "to fix, change, or modify rates for the transportation of passengers and property," the Secretary of the Interior from time to time: (a) Shall allocate to the national public purposes which to a substantial extent prompted the construction, expansion, maintenance, and improvement of the railroad, the proper portion of the capital investment of the railroad.

▪

Shall fix, change, or modify the rates with due regard for the actions of the Interstate Commerce Commission authorized under this order.

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Shall post the rates for public inspection and file them with the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted

🏛️ Private Citizens & Property Owners
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The Framers' Constitutional Council

1787 Prism

Evaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.

⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight)
§

"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."

— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
JM

James Madison

Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy

"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)

Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.

Madisonian Stance: Vigilant / Cautionary
AH

Alexander Hamilton

The Energetic Executive & Unified Command

"A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the government; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad government." — Federalist No. 70 (1788)

Hamilton would view this directive as the natural and indispensable functioning of administrative leadership. Without the power to coordinate agencies, manage personnel, and resolve operational ambiguities, the modern presidency would be reduced to an impotent figurehead.

Hamiltonian Stance: Defends Vigor & Dispatch
GM

George Mason

Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment

"The purse and the sword ought never to be in the same hands... nor the liberties of the citizen placed at the pleasure of a single magistrate." — Virginia Ratifying Convention (1788)

George Mason and the Anti-Federalists would sound a fierce warning. They feared that Article II would inevitably evolve into an elective monarchy. When an executive order impacts private rights, property, or civil liberties without individualized judicial process, Mason would see their darkest predictions verified.

Anti-Federalist Stance: High Bill of Rights Scrutiny
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Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions

An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.

⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
38 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8

Legislative Encroachment & Purse

Moderate Friction

Administers commerce or fiscal programs requiring ongoing statutory delegation and legislative oversight.

Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3

Executive Scope & Faithfulness

Low Friction

Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.

Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment

Federalism & State Sovereignty

Moderate Friction

Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.

Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments

Due Process & Individual Rights

Low Friction

Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.

Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers

Youngstown Jacksonian Tier

Moderate Friction

The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.

Benchmark: Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
⚖️ Audit Synthesis

This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.

Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
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How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
628
3,833 characters
Estimated Read Time
3 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
18.4
Post-Graduate Legal
Language Tone Score
+0.02
Constitutional Neutral
How is this scored?
Text size:

Official Archival Text

View Source Document

By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Act of March 12, 1914, entitled "An Act to authorize the President of the United States to locate, construct, and operate railroads in the Territory of Alaska, and for other purposes," 38 Stat. 305, as amended (hereinafter referred to as the Alaska Railroad Act), it is ordered as follows: SECTION 1. General responsibility for railroad. The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to operate the railroad or railroads, branch lines, feeders and telegraph and telephone lines incident thereto, constructed or acquired under the Act of March 12, 1914, or Acts supplemental thereto, in all respects and to all intents and purposes as if the operation thereof had been placed by law under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior, except that the authority of the Secretary under this order "to fix, change, or modify rates for the transportation of passengers and property" shall be subject to the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission under Section 3 of this order. SEC. 2. Rates; Secretary of the Interior. In connection with carrying out the authority under the Alaska Railroad Act "to fix, change, or modify rates for the transportation of passengers and property," the Secretary of the Interior from time to time: (a) Shall allocate to the national public purposes which to a substantial extent prompted the construction, expansion, maintenance, and improvement of the railroad, the proper portion of the capital investment of the railroad. (b) Shall fix, change, or modify the rates with due regard for the actions of the Interstate Commerce Commission authorized under this order. (c) Shall post the rates for public inspection and file them with the Interstate Commerce Commission. SEC. 3. Rates; Interstate Commerce Commission. (a) In respect of rates filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission pursuant to the provisions of this order, the Commission may act, to the extent practicable, and subject to the limitations provided in subsection (b) of this section, in the same manner as though the railroad were subject to Sections 1(1) (a), 1(4), 1(5), 1(51/2), 1(6), 6(3), 6(6), 6(9), 13(1), 13 (2) (to the extent that it relates to action by the Interstate Commerce Commission on its own motion), 15 (except 15(12) and 15(14)), 15a, 202(c)(1), and 202(c)(2) of the Interstate Commerce Act, as amended. (b) When determining the justness and reasonableness of rates or charges maintained, or from time to time proposed to be maintained by the railroad, the Interstate Commerce Commission shall exclude for valuation and cost finding purposes the portion of capital investment allocated to national public purposes by the Secretary of the Interior under Section 2 (a) hereof, and such rates and charges shall not be deemed to be unjust or unreasonable by reason of failure to yield sufficient revenues to cover any amounts for taxes not actually required by law to be paid or provide a return on capital investment. SEC. 4. Transitional provisions. (a) The issuance of this order shall not affect any action heretofore taken by the Secretary of the Interior or his representative until such action has been modified or revoked in accordance with the provisions of this order. (b) As promptly after the date of this order as may be convenient, the Secretary of the Interior shall post for public inspection and file with the Interstate Commerce Commission rates as referred to in Section 2(c) of this order. The rates posted and filed under this subsection may be the rates in force on the date of this order, with or without subsequent changes or modifications, or new rates. This order supersedes Executive Order No. 3861 of June 8, 1923, and shall be codified for inclusion in the Code of Federal Regulations. JOHN F. KENNEDY

THE WHITE HOUSE, #signature

April 25, 1963

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Referenced By Later Executive Orders (1)

Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.

Ronald Reagan • 1983-07-19
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Scholarly & Legal Citations

Exec. Order No. 11,107 (Apr. 25, 1963), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-11107-administration-alaska-railroads.