WHEREAS under Article I of the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, signed at London on June 17, 1960, ratified by the United States of America, and proclaimed by the President on March 24, 1965 (TIAS 5780), hereinafter sometimes referred to as the Convention, the Government of the United States of America, together with the governments of the other countries which have become parties to the Convention, undertakes to give effect to the provisions of the Convention and of the Regulations annexed thereto, to promuls gate all laws, decrees, orders, and regulations, and to take all other steps which may be necessary to give the Convention full and complete effect, so as to insure that, from the point of view of safety of life, a ship is fit for the service for which it is intended; and WHEREAS it is expedient and necessary, in order that the Government of the United States of America may give full and complete effect to the Convention, that several departments and agencies of the Executive Branch of the Government perform functions and duties thereunder; and WHEREAS, in accordance with Article XI thereof, the Convention came into force on May 26, 1965: Now, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in me by Section 301 of Title 3 of the United States Code and as President of the United States of America, it is ordered as follows: SECTION 1. The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury (acting through the Coast Guard), the Secretary of Commerce (acting through the Weather Bureau), and the Federal Communications Commission, respectively, are hereby directed, in relation to the fulfillment of the obligations undertaken by the Government of the United States of America under the Convention, to perform the functions and duties therein prescribed and undertaken which appertain to the functions and duties which they severally are now authorized or directed by law to perform. Each of the Secretaries and the Commission shall cooperate and assist the others in carrying out the duties imposed by the Convention and by this order. SEC. 2. The Secretary of the Treasury (acting through the Coast Guard), or such other agency as may be authorized by law so to do, shall issue certificates as required by the Convention, and in any case in which a certificate is to include matter which appertains to the functions and duties directed or authorized by law to be performed by the head of any department or agency other than the head of the issuing agency, the head of the issuing agency shall first ascertain from the head of the other department or agency his decision with respect to such matter, and such decision shall be final and binding. SEC. 3. In the performance of functions and duties described in Sections 1 and 2 of this order, the Secretary of the Treasury (acting through the Coast Guard) may avail himself of the services of the American Bureau of Shipping so long as that Bureau is operated in compliance with Section 25 of the Act of June 5, 1920, as amended (46 U.S.C. 881), and may make all necessary provisions for the performance by the Bureau of specified duties undertaken under the Convention and to permit the Bureau to issue cargo ship safety construction certificates to those cargo vessels found to be in compliance with the Convention, which are classed by the Bureau. The Secretary of the Treasury (acting through the Coast Guard) shall establish all necessary regulations required to carry out in the most effective manner the provisions of the Convention. SEC. 4. Whenever the Coast Guard operates as a service in the Navy, the functions to be performed by the Secretary of the Treasury (acting through the Coast Guard) under this order shall vest in and be performed by the Secretary of the Navy (acting through the Coast Guard). SEC. 5. (a) This order supersedes Executive Order No. 10402 of October 30, 1952, entitled "Enforcement of the Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1948," to the extent that the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea signed at London on June 17, 1960, replaces and abrogates the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea signed at London on June 10, 1948. (b) Executive Order No. 7548 of February 5, 1937, entitled "Enforcement of the Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1929" is hereby revoked. LYNDON B. JOHNSON The White House July 31, 1965
Executive Order 11239—Enforcement of the Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1960
Executive Brief • At a Glance
The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury (acting through the Coast Guard), the Secretary of Commerce (acting through the Weather Bureau), and the Federal Communications Commission, respectively, are hereby directed, in relation to the fulfillment of the obligations undertaken by the Government of the United States of America under the Convention, to perform the functions and duties therein prescribed and undertaken which appertain to the functions and duties which they severally are now authorized or directed by law to perform.
Legal Status & Amendment History
AmendedActions on this order
- Amended by EO 13286
Source: Office of the Federal Register executive order disposition notes. Orders before 1994 show only actions recorded by later orders.
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 31, 1965, this order concerns Enforcement of the Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1960. The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury (acting through the Coast Guard), the Secretary of Commerce (acting through the Weather Bureau), and the Federal Communications Commission, respectively, are hereby directed, in relation to the fulfillment of the obligations undertaken by the Government of the United States of America under the Convention, to perform the functions and duties therein prescribed…
Key Directives & Operative Actions
The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury (acting through the Coast Guard), the Secretary of Commerce (acting through the Weather Bureau), and the Federal Communications Commission, respectively, are hereby directed, in relation to the fulfillment of the obligations undertaken by the Government of the United States of America under the Convention, to perform the functions and duties therein prescribed and undertaken which appertain to the functions and duties which they severally are now authorized or directed by law to perform.
Each of the Secretaries and the Commission shall cooperate and assist the others in carrying out the duties imposed by the Convention and by this order.
The Secretary of the Treasury (acting through the Coast Guard), or such other agency as may be authorized by law so to do, shall issue certificates as required by the Convention, and in any case in which a certificate is to include matter which appertains to the functions and duties directed or authorized by law to be performed by the head of any department or agency other than the head of the issuing agency, the head of the issuing agency shall first ascertain from the head of the other department or agency his decision with respect to such matter, and such decision shall be final and binding.
In the performance of functions and duties described in Sections 1 and 2 of this order, the Secretary of the Treasury (acting through the Coast Guard) may avail himself of the services of the American Bureau of Shipping so long as that Bureau is operated in compliance with Section 25 of the Act of June 5, 1920, as amended (46 U.S.C. 881), and may make all necessary provisions for the performance by the Bureau of specified duties undertaken under the Convention and to permit the Bureau to issue cargo ship safety construction certificates to those cargo vessels found to be in compliance with the Convention, which are classed by the Bureau.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
Policy Areas & Topics
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)
Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Operates within delegated statutory execution without modifying legislative appropriations or taxing powers.
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Due Process & Individual Rights
Applies regulatory or compliance standards to private contractors or commercial entities.
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Referenced By Later Executive Orders (3)
Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 11,239 (July 31, 1965), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-11239-enforcement-the-convention-for-safety-life-sea-1960.