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Executive Order 12851 Constitutional Fidelity (+0.23)

Executive Order 12851—Administration of Proliferation Sanctions, Middle East Arms Control, and Related Congressional Reporting Responsibilities

William J. Clinton William J. Clinton
•
Friday, June 11, 1993
•
7 min read (1,413 words)

Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis

Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.

This executive order, signed by President William J. Clinton on 1993-06-11, establishes federal administrative policy concerning "Administration of Proliferation Sanctions, Middle East Arms Control, and Related Congressional Reporting Responsibilities." It outlines operative directives for executive department officers, delegating enforcement responsibilities and establishing official governance guidelines.

Constitutional Assessment: Scrutinized through Article II, Section 2, this action exercises the President's constitutional role as Commander in Chief. Early Framers recognized broad executive discretion in commanding military forces during conflict, provided it remains bounded by congressional declarations and respects civilian domestic courts.

Key Directives & Operative Actions

▪ 2798, 5604-5606); sections 241 and 1097 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993, Public Law 102-190, and section 1364 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Public Law 102-484, I hereby order as follows: Section 1.
▪ The authority and duties vested in me by section 81 of the Arms Export Control Act, as amended ("AECA") (22 U.S.C.
▪ 2798), and section 11C of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as amended ("EAA") (50 U.S.C.
▪ The Secretary of Defense shall notify the Secretary of the Treasury of determinations made pursuant to section 81(c)(2) of the AECA and section 11(c)(2) of the EAA.

Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted

🏛️ Armed Forces & Military Establishments 🏛️ Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises 🏛️ Sovereign State Governments & Localities 🏛️ Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants 🏛️ Private Citizens & Property Owners
Total Words
1,413
9,003 characters
Estimated Read Time
7 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
16.6
Post-Grad reading level
Constitutional Polarity
+0.23
Framers' Alignment index
📜

Scholarly & Legal Citations 

Exec. Order No. 12851, William J. Clinton (Jun 11, 1993). Available at https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-12851-administration-proliferation-sanctions-middle-east-arms-control-and.

Official Document Text

Source: The American Presidency Project (UCSB Archive)

Original Source →
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, sections 1701-1703 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1991, Public Law 101-510 (50 U.S.C. App. 2402 note, 2405, 2410b; 22 U.S.C. 2797-2797c); sections 303, 324, and 401-405 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993, Public Law 102-138; sections 305-308 of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991, Public Law 102-182 (50 U.S.C. App. 2410c; 22 U.S.C. 2798, 5604-5606); sections 241 and 1097 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993, Public Law 102-190, and section 1364 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Public Law 102-484, I hereby order as follows: Section 1. Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation and Use Sanctions. (a) Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation. The authority and duties vested in me by section 81 of the Arms Export Control Act, as amended ("AECA") (22 U.S.C. 2798), and section 11C of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as amended ("EAA") (50 U.S.C. App. 2410c), are delegated to the Secretary of State, except that: (1) The authority and duties vested in me to deny certain United States Government contracts, as provided in section 81(c)(1)(A) of the AECA and section 11C(c)(1)(A) of the EAA, pursuant to a determination made by the Secretary of State under section 81(a)(1) of the AECA or section 11C(a)(1) of the EAA, as well as the authority and duties vested in me to make the determinations provided for in section 81(c)(2) of the AECA and section 11C(c)(2) of the EAA are delegated to the Secretary of Defense. The Secretary of Defense shall notify the Secretary of the Treasury of determinations made pursuant to section 81(c)(2) of the AECA and section 11(c)(2) of the EAA. (2) The authority and duties vested in me to prohibit certain imports as provided in section 81(c)(1)(B) of the AECA and section 11C(c)(1)(B) of the EAA, pursuant to a determination made by the Secretary of State under section 81(a)(1) of the AECA or section 11C(a)(1) of the EAA, and the obligation to implement the exceptions provided in section 81(c)(2) of the AECA and section 11C(c)(2) of the EAA, insofar as the exceptions affect imports of goods into the United States, are delegated to the Secretary of the Treasury. (b) Chemical and Biological Weapons Use. The authority and duties vested in me by sections 306-308 of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991 (22 U.S.C. 5604-5606) are delegated to the Secretary of State, except that: (1) The authority and duties vested in me to restrict certain imports as provided in section 307(b)(2)(D), pursuant to a determination made by the Secretary of State under section 307(b)(1), are delegated to the Secretary of the Treasury. (2) The Secretary of State shall issue, transmit to the Congress, and notify the Secretary of the Treasury of, as appropriate, waivers based upon findings made pursuant to section 307(d)(1)(A)(ii). (3) The authority and duties vested in me to prohibit certain exports as provided in section 307(a)(5) and section 307(b)(2)(C), pursuant to a determination made by the Secretary of State under section 306(a)(1) and section 307(b)(1), are delegated to the Secretary of Commerce. (c) Coordination Among Agencies. The Secretaries designated in this section shall exercise all functions delegated to them by this section in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Commerce, the Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and other departments and agencies as appropriate, utilizing the appropriate interagency groups prior to any determination to exercise the prohibition authority delegated hereby. Sec. 2. Missile Proliferation Sanctions. (a) Arms Export Control Act. The authority and duties vested in me by sections 72-73 of the AECA (22 U.S.C. 2797a-2797b) are delegated to the Secretary of State, except that: (1) The authority and duties vested in me by section 72(a)(1) to make determinations with respect to violations by United States persons of the EAA are delegated to the Secretary of Commerce. (2) The authority and duties vested in me to deny certain United States Government contracts as provided in sections 73(a)(2)(A)(i) and 73(a)(2)(B)(i), pursuant to a determination made by the Secretary of State under section 73(a)(1), as well as the authority and duties vested in me to make the findings provided in sections 72(c), 73(f), and 73(g)(l), are delegated to the Secretary of Defense. The Secretary of State shall issue, transmit to the Congress and notify the Secretary of the Treasury of, as appropriate, any waivers based upon findings made pursuant to section 72(c) and 73(f). (3) The authority and duties vested in me to prohibit certain imports as provided in section 73(a)(2)(C), pursuant to a determination made by the Secretary of State under that section, and the obligation to implement the exceptions provided in section 73(g), are delegated to the Secretary of the Treasury. (b) Export Administration Act. The authority and duties vested in me by section 11B of the EAA (50 U.S.C. App. 2410b) are delegated to the Secretary of Commerce, except that: (1) The authority and duties vested in me by sections 11B(a)(1)(A) (insofar as such section authorizes determinations with respect to violations by United States persons of the AECA), 11B(b)(1) (insofar as such section authorizes determinations regarding activities by foreign persons), and 11B(b)(5) are delegated to the Secretary of State. (2) The authority and duties vested in me to make the findings provided in sections 11B(a)(3), 11B(b)(6), and 11B(b)(7)(A) are delegated to the Secretary of Defense. The Secretary of Commerce shall issue, transmit to the Congress, and notify the Secretary of the Treasury of, as appropriate, waivers based upon findings made pursuant to sections 11B(a)(3). The Secretary of State shall issue, transmit to the Congress, and notify the Secretary of the Treasury of, as appropriate, waivers based upon findings made pursuant to 11B(b)(6). (3) The authority and duties vested in me to prohibit certain imports as provided in section 11B(b)(l), pursuant to a determination by the Secretary of State under that section, and the obligation to implement the exceptions provided in section 11B(b)(7), are delegated to the Secretary of the Treasury. (c) Reporting Requirements. The authority and duties vested in me to make certain reports to the Congress as provided in section 1097 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993 and section 1364 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993 are delegated to the Secretary of State. (d) Coordination Among Agencies. The Secretaries designated in this section shall exercise all functions delegated to them by this section in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Commerce, the Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and other departments and agencies as appropriate, utilizing the appropriate interagency groups prior to any determination to exercise prohibition authority delegated hereby. Sec. 3. Arms Control in the Middle East. The certification and reporting functions vested in me by sections 403 and 404 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993, are delegated to the Secretary of State. The Secretary of State shall exercise these functions in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and other agencies as appropriate. Sec. 4. China and Weapons Proliferation. The reporting functions regarding China and weapons proliferation vested in me by sections 303(a)(2) and 324 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993, are delegated to the Secretary of State. The Secretary of State shall exercise these functions in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and other agencies as appropriate. Sec. 5. Arrow Tactical Anti-Missile Program. The authority and duties vested in me to make certain certifications as provided by section 241(b)(3)(C) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993 are delegated to the Secretary of State. Sec. 6. Delegations. The functions delegated herein may be redelegated as appropriate. Regulations necessary to carry out the functions delegated herein may be issued as appropriate. Sec. 7. Priority. This order supercedes the Memorandum of the President, "Delegation of Authority Regarding Missile Technology Proliferation," June 25, 1991. To the extend that this order is inconsistent with any provisions of any prior Executive order or Presidential memorandum, this order shall control. WILLIAM J. CLINTON THE WHITE HOUSE, June 11, 1993.