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Executive Orders Historical Archive
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Executive Order 2626 ⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight Constitutional Neutral (+0.02) 📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority

Executive Order 2626—Reinstating Certain Persons Formerly in the Competitive Service

Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson
•
Tuesday, May 22, 1917
•
2 min read (350 words)

Executive Brief • At a Glance

⏱️ 2 min read (350 words) • ● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate

Civil Service Rule IX is hereby amended by numbering the present rule as a paragraph and adding the following paragraph: 2.

View all 4 directives ↓
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight
Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority
Framers' constitutional debate ↓
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Armed Forces & Military Establishments Sovereign State Governments & Localities Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants Private Citizens & Property Owners
Inspect unabridged text ↓

Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis

Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.

Signed by President Woodrow Wilson on May 22, 1917, this order concerns Reinstating Certain Persons Formerly in the Competitive Service. Civil Service Rule IX is hereby amended by numbering the present rule as a paragraph and adding the following paragraph: 2. A person resigning a scientific, professional, or technical position in the competitive service in which he has acquired training and experience not to be acquired elsewhere, to enter the public service of a State, county, municipality, or foreign government in a similar capacity, may…

Constitutional Assessment: Scrutinized through Article II, Section 2, this action exercises the President's constitutional role as Commander in Chief. Early Framers recognized broad executive discretion in commanding military forces during conflict, provided it remains bounded by congressional declarations and respects civilian domestic courts.

Key Directives & Operative Actions

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Civil Service Rule IX is hereby amended by numbering the present rule as a paragraph and adding the following paragraph: 2.

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A person resigning a scientific, professional, or technical position in the competitive service in which he has acquired training and experience not to be acquired elsewhere, to enter the public service of a State, county, municipality, or foreign government in a similar capacity, may immediately upon the completion of such service be reinstated in the Department in which he formerly served, upon the certificate of the Commission issued upon the requisition of the Department dated within three years from the date of his separation from the competitive service.

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A person separated without delinquency or misconduct from a competitive position, or from a position which he entered by transfer or promotion from a competitive position, may be reinstated in the Department or office in which he formerly served, upon certificate of the Commission, subject to the following limitations: (a) The separation must have occurred within one year next preceding the date of the requisition of the nominating or appointing officer for such certificate; but this limitation shall not apply to a person who served in the Civil War or the War with Spain and was honorably discharged, or his widow, or an army nurse of either war.

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No person may be reinstated to a position requiring an examination different from that required for the position from which he was separated without passing an appropriate examination. 2.

Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted

🏛️ Armed Forces & Military Establishments 🏛️ Sovereign State Governments & Localities 🏛️ Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants 🏛️ Private Citizens & Property Owners 🏛️ Foreign Nations & International Entities

Policy Areas & Topics

🏷️ National Security & Defense
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The Framers' Constitutional Council

1787 Prism

Evaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.

⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight)
§

"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."

— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
JM

James Madison

Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy

"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)

Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.

Madisonian Stance: Vigilant / Cautionary
AH

Alexander Hamilton

The Energetic Executive & Unified Command

"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)

Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.

Hamiltonian Stance: Strong Prerogative Support
GM

George Mason

Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment

"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)

The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.

Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
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Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions

An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.

⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
52 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8

Legislative Encroachment & Purse

High Friction

Touches upon core congressional prerogatives: raises appropriations reallocation, tariff imposition, or statutory preemption questions.

Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3

Executive Scope & Faithfulness

Moderate Friction

Directs internal executive branch machinery, agency workflows, and federal personnel.

Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment

Federalism & State Sovereignty

Moderate Friction

Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.

Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments

Due Process & Individual Rights

Low Friction

Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.

Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers

Youngstown Jacksonian Tier

Moderate Friction

The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.

Benchmark: Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
⚖️ Audit Synthesis

This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.

Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
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How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
350
2,183 characters
Estimated Read Time
2 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
25.5
Post-Graduate Legal
Language Tone Score
+0.02
Constitutional Neutral
How is this scored?
Text size:

Official Archival Text

View Source Document

Civil Service Rule IX is hereby amended by numbering the present rule as a paragraph and adding the following paragraph: 2. A person resigning a scientific, professional, or technical position in the competitive service in which he has acquired training and experience not to be acquired elsewhere, to enter the public service of a State, county, municipality, or foreign government in a similar capacity, may immediately upon the completion of such service be reinstated in the Department in which he formerly served, upon the certificate of the Commission issued upon the requisition of the Department dated within three years from the date of his separation from the competitive service. As amended the rule will read: 1. A person separated without delinquency or misconduct from a competitive position, or from a position which he entered by transfer or promotion from a competitive position, may be reinstated in the Department or office in which he formerly served, upon certificate of the Commission, subject to the following limitations: (a) The separation must have occurred within one year next preceding the date of the requisition of the nominating or appointing officer for such certificate; but this limitation shall not apply to a person who served in the Civil War or the War with Spain and was honorably discharged, or his widow, or an army nurse of either war. (b) No person may be reinstated to a position requiring an examination different from that required for the position from which he was separated without passing an appropriate examination. 2. A person resigning a scientific, professional, or technical position in the competitive service in which he has acquired training and experience not to be acquired elsewhere, to enter the public service of a State, county, municipality, or foreign government in a similar capacity, may immediately upon the completion of such service be reinstated in the Department in which he formerly served, upon the certificate of the Commission issued upon the requisition of the Department dated within three years from the date of his separation from the competitive service. WOODROW WILSON

THE WHITE HOUSE, #signature

May 22, 1917.

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Scholarly & Legal Citations 

Exec. Order No. 2626 (May 22, 1917), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-2626-reinstating-certain-persons-formerly-the-competitive-service.