Under authority of the act of Congress approved June 25, 1910 (36 Stat. 847), as amended by the act of August 24, 1912 (37 Stat. 497), it is hereby ordered that the lands described below, situated in the counties of Roseau and Lake of the Woods, Minnesota, be and the same are hereby withdrawn from settlement, entry, or other disposition, to effectuate the provisions of the act of Congress approved May 22, 1926 (44 Stat. 617), for carrying into effect the convention between the Governments of the United States and Great Britain concluded February 24, 1925. Provided , That this withdrawal shall not affect any existing legal right of any person to any of the lands herein described, but that on the cancellation or filing of a relinquishment of any existing entry, or the final rejection of any pending application covering any of the lands hereinafter described, this 'order shall take effect and the lands covered by such canceled or relinquished entries, or by finally rejected applications, shall be embraced in the withdrawal as heretofore provided: FIFTH PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN T. 163 N., R. 36 W. Sec. 8, Lot 2, S½ NW¼, NE¼ NW¼ Sec. 16, Lot 1. T. 164 N., R. 36 W. Sec. 27, Lot 1 Sec. 28, Lots 2 and 3 Sec. 30, Lot 1, NE¼ SE¼ Sec. 31, SE¼ T. 165 N., R. 35 W. Sec. 2, Lots 1, 3, 4, NE¼ NW¼ T. 166 N., R. 32 W. Sec. 19, Lot 1 T. 166 N., R. 33 W. Sec. 1, Lot 1 Sec. 22, Lots 3 and 5 Sec. 23, Lots 1 and 2 Sec. 26, Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, NE¼ NW¼ Sec. 27, Lot 1 T. 166 N., R. 34 W. Sec. 20, E½ NE¼, NW¼ NE¼ Sec. 21, SW¼ NW¼ Sec. 22, Lot 2, NE¼ SW¼, E½ NW¼ Sec. 28, Lots 2, 3, 4 Sec. 29, Lots 1, 2, 3, 4 Sec. 30, Lots 3 and 6 T. 166 N., R. 35 W. Sec. 2, S½ SE¼, NW¼ SE¼, S½ NE¼, Lot 1 Sec. 11, W½ NE¼, S½ SE¼ Sec. 14, E½ SW¼, W½ SE¼, SE¼ NW¼ Sec. 23, NW¼ NE¼, SE¼ NE¼, Lots 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 Sec. 26, Lots 1 and 2 Sec. 35, Lot 2 Sec. 36, Lot 4 T. 167 N., R. 32 W. Sec. 6, Lot 1 T. 167 N., R. 33 W. Sec. 1, SW¼ SW¼, SE¼ NW¼, E½ SW¼ Sec. 3, E½ NW¼, NW¼ NW¼ Sec. 12, NE¼ NW¼, NW¼ NW¼, Lots 2 and 5 Sec. 19, Lots 1 and 2, W½ SE¼ Sec. 26, Lots 2 and 3 Sec. 30, Lot 1 Sec. 36, Lot 6 T. 168 N., R. 33 W. Sec. 34, SW¼ SE¼, E½ SW¼, SW¼ SW¼ T. 168 N., R. 34 W. Sec. 23, Lots 2 and 3 Sec. 24, NW¼ SW¼ Sec. 25, Lots 1 and 2, SW¼ NW¼ Sec. 26, Lots 1, 2, 3, SE¼ NE¼, NE¼ NW¼ SE¼ SE¼ Sec. 27, Lots 1, 3, 4, NE¼ SE¼, W½ SE¼, SE¼ SW¼, SW¼ SW¼ Sec. 28, SE¼ SE¼ Sec. 29, SE¼ SE¼ Sec. 32, NE¼ NE¼ Sec. 33, N½ NW¼, NE¼ NE¼ Sec. 35, N½ NE¼, SE¼ NE¼ Sec. 36, NW¼ T. 168 N., R. 35 W. Sec. 26, Lot 2, NW¼ NW¼, NW¼ SW¼ Sec. 27, E½ NE¼, NE¼ SE¼, S½ SW¼ This order shall continue in full force and effect unless and until revoked by the President or by act of Congress. CALVIN COOLIDGE The White House, January 14, 1929.
Executive Order 5025 ⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight Constitutional Neutral (+0.02)
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Executive Order 5025—Reserving Certain Described Lands in Minnesota in Accordance with the Convention with Great Britain of February 24, 1925
Executive Brief • At a Glance
⏱️ 3 min read (586 words) •
● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate
The lands described below, situated in the counties of Roseau and Lake of the Woods, Minnesota, be and the same are hereby withdrawn from settlement, entry, or other disposition, to effectuate the provisions of the act of Congress approved May 22, 1926 (44 Stat. 617), for carrying into effect the convention between the Governments of the United States and Great Britain concluded February 24, 1925.
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight
Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Executive Branch Departments General Body of the People
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Calvin Coolidge on January 14, 1929, this order concerns Reserving Certain Described Lands in Minnesota in Accordance with the Convention with Great Britain of February 24, 1925. The lands described below, situated in the counties of Roseau and Lake of the Woods, Minnesota, be and the same are hereby withdrawn from settlement, entry, or other disposition, to effectuate the provisions of the act of Congress approved May 22, 1926 (44 Stat. 617), for carrying into effect the convention between the Governments of the United States and Great Britain concluded February 24, 1925.
Constitutional Assessment: This action represents an orderly exercise of Article II administrative discretion, managing the internal machinery and personnel of the executive branch without abridging the ancient liberties of the people.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
▪
The lands described below, situated in the counties of Roseau and Lake of the Woods, Minnesota, be and the same are hereby withdrawn from settlement, entry, or other disposition, to effectuate the provisions of the act of Congress approved May 22, 1926 (44 Stat. 617), for carrying into effect the convention between the Governments of the United States and Great Britain concluded February 24, 1925.
▪
Provided , That this withdrawal shall not affect any existing legal right of any person to any of the lands herein described, but that on the cancellation or filing of a relinquishment of any existing entry, or the final rejection of any pending application covering any of the lands hereinafter described, this 'order shall take effect and the lands covered by such canceled or relinquished entries, or by finally rejected applications, shall be embraced in the withdrawal as heretofore provided: FIFTH PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN T. 163 N., R. 36 W. Sec. 8, Lot 2, S½ NW¼, NE¼ NW¼ Sec. 16, Lot 1.
▪
T. 164 N., R. 36 W. Sec. 27, Lot 1 Sec. 28, Lots 2 and 3 Sec. 30, Lot 1, NE¼ SE¼ Sec. 31, SE¼ T. 165 N., R. 35 W. Sec. 2, Lots 1, 3, 4, NE¼ NW¼ T. 166 N., R. 32 W. Sec. 19, Lot 1 T. 166 N., R. 33 W. Sec. 1, Lot 1 Sec. 22, Lots 3 and 5 Sec. 23, Lots 1 and 2 Sec. 26, Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, NE¼ NW¼ Sec. 27, Lot 1 T. 166 N., R. 34 W. Sec. 20, E½ NE¼, NW¼ NE¼ Sec. 21, SW¼ NW¼ Sec. 22, Lot 2, NE¼ SW¼, E½ NW¼ Sec. 28, Lots 2, 3, 4 Sec. 29, Lots 1, 2, 3, 4 Sec. 30, Lots 3 and 6 T. 166 N., R. 35 W. Sec. 2, S½ SE¼, NW¼ SE¼, S½ NE¼, Lot 1 Sec. 11, W½ NE¼, S½ SE¼ Sec. 14, E½ SW¼, W½ SE¼, SE¼ NW¼ Sec. 23, NW¼ NE¼, SE¼ NE¼, Lots 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 Sec. 26, Lots 1 and 2 Sec. 35, Lot 2 Sec. 36, Lot 4 T. 167 N., R. 32 W. Sec. 6, Lot 1 T. 167 N., R. 33 W. Sec.…
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
🏛️ Executive Branch Departments
🏛️ General Body of the People
Policy Areas & Topics
🏛️
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight)
§
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
JM
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Madisonian Stance: Vigilant / Cautionary
AH
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the government; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad government." — Federalist No. 70 (1788)
Hamilton would view this directive as the natural and indispensable functioning of administrative leadership. Without the power to coordinate agencies, manage personnel, and resolve operational ambiguities, the modern presidency would be reduced to an impotent figurehead.
Hamiltonian Stance: Defends Vigor & Dispatch
GM
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
📐
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
30 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8
Low Friction
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Operates within delegated statutory execution without modifying legislative appropriations or taxing powers.
Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3
Low Friction
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment
Moderate Friction
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments
Low Friction
Due Process & Individual Rights
Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.
Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers
Moderate Friction
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
Benchmark: Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
⚖️
Audit Synthesis
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
ℹ️
How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
586
2,689 characters
Estimated Read Time
3 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
3.6
Grade 4
Text size:
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📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Under authority contained in the act of June 21, 1906 (34 Stats. 325-326), that the trust period on the allotments of the Rosebud Indians in South Dakota, which would otherwise expire during the calendar year 1929, be, and is hereby, extended for a further period of ten years.
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🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Fidelity (+0.87)
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📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
Chapter XII of the "Instructions to Diplomatic Officers of the United States, March 8, 1927", is hereby cancelled and the following substituted therefor: CHAPTER XII PASSPORTS AND VISAS XII-1.
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⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
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📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
The public land in T. 2 S., R. 13 W., N.M.P.M., New Mexico, be and the same is hereby withdrawn from settlement, location, sale, entry and all forms of appropriation, pending a resurvey of said township under the act of March 3, 1909 (35 Stat. 845), as amended by the Joint…
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📜
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 5025 (Jan. 14, 1929), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-5025-reserving-certain-described-lands-minnesota-accordance-with-the.
