Hawaii Whereas by Executive Order No. 2900, dated July 2, 1918, certain lands at Waianae-Kai, District of Waianae, Island of Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, were withdrawn and set aside for military purposes; Whereas the description of the Waianae-Kai Military Reservation as given in said Executive Order No. 2900, dated July 2, 1918, has been found to be inaccurate and incomplete and a resurvey has been made of the reservation; Now, Therefore , pursuant to the authority vested in me by section 91 of the act of Congress approved April 30, 1900 (31 Stat. 141), entitled "An act to provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii," as amended by section 7 of the act of Congress approved May 27, 1910 (36 Stat. 443), it is hereby ordered that the description of the Waianae-Kai Military Reservation contained in said Executive Order No. 2900, dated July 2, 1918, be, and the same is hereby, amended to read as follows: Tract No. 1 Beginning at station No. 1, marked by a 1½-inch pipe situated on the northeast corner of Land Commission Award No. 6632, the azimuth and distance to said initial point, from Waianae triangulation station, marked by a concrete monument at the entrance to Dowsett Road (all azimuths being measured clockwise from true north), being 222° 38' 50"—354.88 feet. Thence running by true azimuths and distances: 251° 27' 00"—346.50 feet to station No. 2, marked by a 1¼-inch pipe, same being on a 20-foot offset from the center line of the Oahu Railway & Land Co's track; 296° 22' 14"—463.94 feet to station No. 3, marked by a 1-inch pipe on the east side of the Oahu Railway & Land Co.'s right of way; 295° 43' 00"—702.22 feet along the Oahu Railway & Land Co.'s right of way to station No. 4, marked by a galvanized iron pipe; On a curve to the right, along the same to station No. 5, marked by a pipe, the direct azimuth and distance being 301° 22' 20"—469.88 feet; On a curve to the right, along the same to station No. 6, marked by a pipe, the direct azimuth and distance being 311° 34' 20"—539.81 feet; On a curve to the right, along the same to station No. 7, marked by a pipe, the direct azimuth and distance being 320° 46' 20"—356.50 feet; 325° 00' 00"—431.12 feet along the same to station No. 8, marked by a galvanized iron pipe; 63° 10' 00"—754.88 feet to station No. 9, marked by a 1¼-inch pipe located 20.3 feet west from the center line of the Waianac Plantation Railroad; 63° 10' 00"—51.70 feet to station No. 10, not marked, on the east side of Waianac Plantation Railroad right of way; 151° 53' 00"—46.49 feet to station No. 11, marked by a pipe on the southwest corner of Land Commission Award No. 9492; 54° 53' 00"—75.24 feet to station No. 12, marked by a pipe on the southeast corner of Land Commission Award No. 9492; 331° 53' 00"—35.56 feet to station No. 13, marked by a wooden hub; 63° 10' 00"—1,353.88 feet to station No. 14, marked by a circular concrete 129° 10' 00"—2,929.80 feet to station No. 15, marked by a circular concrete monument on the south side of stone wall; 218° 00' 00"—1,211.00 feet to station No. 16, marked by a concrete monument in the center of dirt road; 308° 40' 00"—35.30 feet along east side of the Government road to station No. 17, marked by a concrete monument; 308° 40'00"—371.70 feet along the east side of the Government road to station No. 18, marked by a concrete monument; 248° 40' 00"—571.25 feet to station No. 19, marked by a 1¼ inch pipe on the boundary of Land Commission Award No. 6632; 352° 32' 00"—117.50 feet to the point of beginning; Containing 152.582 acres, more or less. There are, however, excepted from the above-described tract of land the Waianae Plantation Railroad right of way and Land Commission Award No. 8307, described as follows: WAIANAE PLANTATION RAILROAD RIGHT OF WAY (Excluded from Tract No. 1) Beginning at station No. 1, marked by a 1¼-inch pipe, this point being also station No. 9 of tract No. 1, Waianae-Kai Military Reservation. Thence by true azimuths and distances: 63° 10' 00"—40.62 feet across the Waianae Plantation Railroad right of way, along the boundary of tract No. 1 to station No. 2, marked by a wooden hub; 146° 17' 00"—67.81 feet to station No. 3, marked by a small cross in coral; On a curve to the left to station No. 4, direct azimuth and distance being 144° 02' 00"—100.00 feet; On a curve to the left to station No. 5, direct azimuth and distance being 137° 10' 00"—100.00 feet; On a curve to the left to station No. 6, direct azimuth and distance being 130° 06' 00"—100.00 feet; On a curve to the left to station No. 7, direct azimuth and distance being 127° 30' 00"—42.42 feet; 127° 18'20"—1,511.25 feet to station No. 8, marked by a wooden hub; 127° 20' 00"—1,177.22 feet to station No. 9, marked by a small cross on stone wall, same being on the south boundary of tract No. 1; 248° 40' 00"—46.87 feet along the boundary of tract No. 1, to station No. 10, marked by a 1-inch pipe; 307° 20' 00"—1,177.22 feet to station No. 11, marked by a wooden hub; 307° 18' 20"—1,511.25 feet to station No. 12, marked by a wooden hub; On a curve to the right to station No. 13, marked by a hub, the direct azimuth and distance being 307° 30' 00"—39.10 feet; On a curve to the right to station No. 14, marked by a hub, the direct azimuth and distance being 311° 28' 00"—100.00 feet; On a curve to the right to station No. 15, marked by a hub, the direct azimuth and distance being 318° 07' 00"—100.00 feet; On a curve to the right to station No. 16, marked by a hub, the direct azimuth and distance being 324° 36' 00"—100.00 feet; 325° 58' 00"—64.90 feet to the point of beginning; Containing 2.884 acres, more or less. LAND COMMISSION AWARD NO. 8307 (Excluded from Tract No. 1) Beginning at the southwest corner of Land Commission Award No. 8307, marked by a 2-inch pipe, said pipe being located from the Waianae triangulation station by the following (2) true azimuths and distances: 338° 00' 31"—132.6 feet to a nail in a stump, and 56º 32' 31"—114.12 feet to said initial point. Thence running by true azimuths and distances: 334° 53' 00"—283.80 feet to a 2-inch pipe; 74º 53' 00"—244.94 feet to a 2-inch pipe; 154° 53' 00"—279.36 feet to a 2-inch pipe; 253° 53' 00"—244.20 feet to the point of beginning; Containing 1.557 acres, more or less. The net area of tract No. 1 is 148.141 acres, more or less. Tract No. 2 Beginning at station No. 1, marked by a concrete monument situated on the northwest corner of the Waianae Hospital site, the azimuth and distance from said point to Lahilahi triangulation station being 312° 24' 20"—10,419.60 feet. Thence running by true azimuths and distances: 158° 38' 40"—154.00 feet to station No. 2, marked by a concrete monument on the southwest corner of the Waianae Hospital site; 233° 43' 00"—136.90 feet to station No. 3, marked by a cross on coral; 244° 24' 40"—228.47 feet to station No. 4, marked by a cross on coral; 274° 17' 20"—133.94 feet to station No. 5, marked by a cross on coral; 348° 37' 30"—121.02 feet to station No. 6, marked by a cross on coral; 33° 01' 50"—179.20 feet to station No. 7, marked by a cross on coral; 74° 48' 30"—233.36 feet to station No. 8, marked by a cross on coral; 100° 06' 10"—96.36 feet to the point of beginning; Containing 2.463 acres, more or less. Tract No. 3 Beginning at station No. 1, marked by a concrete monument situated on the northeast corner of Waianae Hospital site, the azimuth and distance from said point to Lahilahi triangulation station being 311° 01' 00"—10,446.25 feet. Thence running by true azimuths and distances: 45° 56' 20"—105.26 feet along the shore to station No. 2, marked by a cross on coral; 85º 04' 00"—112.84 feet along the shore to station No. 3, marked by a cross on coral; 6º 32' 20"—141.85 feet along the shore to station No. 4, marked by a cross on coral; 96° 05' 40"—117.55 feet along the shore to station No. 5, marked by a cross on coral; 13° 06' 00"—62.47 feet along the shore to station No. 6, this being United States Coast and Geodetic Survey brass plate; 0° 30' 40"—467.18 feet along the shore to station No. 7, marked by a hub on the beach; 349° 11' 40"—236.77 feet along the shore to station No. 8, marked by a hub on the southwest corner of lot No. 843; 68º 53' 20"—91.83 fect along lot No. 843 to station No. 9, marked by a 1¼-inch pipe; 68º 53' 20"—64.94 feet along lot No. 843 to station No. 10, marked by a 1¼ inch pipe; 158° 40' 00"—27.38 feet to station No. 11, in the westerly right of way line of the Oahu Railway & Land Co., marked by a 1¼ inch pipe; Thence following a curve to the right along said westerly right-of-way line of the said railway company, a distance of 305 feet, more or less, to station No. 12, marked by a 1¼ inch pipe, the azimuth and distance of said pipe from the beginning of course being 175° 06' 40" and 305.65 feet; Thence continuing along the said westerly right-of-way line of the said railway company, 185° 25' 40"—402.69 feet to station No. 13, marked by a concrete monument; 215° 00' 00"—359.83 feet to station No. 14, marked by a concrete monument in the corner of the fence; 162° 00" 00"—218.10 feet to station No. 15, marked by a concrete monument in center of the stone wall on Lualualei and Waianae boundary line; 254° 08' 20"—129.53 feet along the stone wall to station No. 16, marked by a concrete monument, same course being the boundary of Lualualei and Waianae Districts; 323° 48' 40"—297.50 feet along the Waianae Hospital site to the point of beginning; Containing 4.077 acres, more or less. Tract No. 4 Beginning at station No. 1, marked by a wooden hub on the beach, same being the northwest corner of Land Commission Award No. 3091, the azimuth and distance from said point to Lahilahi triangulation station being 305° 09' 20"—9,888.68 feet. Thence running by true azimuths and distances: 331° 30' 00"—565.82 feet along the beach to station No. 2, marked by a wooden hub; 313° 29' 20"—445.38 feet along the beach to station No. 3, marked by a wooden hub; 295° 30' 20"—507.07 feet along the beach to station No. 4, marked by a wooden hub; 337° 28' 40"—351.37 feet along the beach to station No. 5, marked by a wooden hub; 62° 39' 00"—192.42 feet along Kaupuni Creek to station No. 6, marked by a wooden hub on the west side of the Oahu Railway & Land Co.'s right 122° 53' 20"—120.63 feet along the said right of way to station No. 7, marked by a pipe; On a curve to the right, along the same to station No. 8, marked by a pipe, direct azimuth and distance being 127° 07' 40"—468.33 feet; On a curve to the right, along the same to station No. 9, marked by a pipe, direct azimuth and distance being 133º 19' 13"—400.42 feet; On a curve to the right, along the same to station No. 10, marked by a pipe, direct azimuth and distance being 142° 24' 53"—370.25 feet; 150° 40' 00"—175.91 feet along the same to station No. 11, marked by a pipe; 175° 28' 00"—105.94 feet to station No. 12, marked by a pipe; 158° 40' 00"—208.35 feet to station No. 13, marked by a pipe on northeast corner of Land Commission Award No. 3091; 246° 00' 40"—161.70 feet along Land Commission Award No. 3091 to the point of beginning; Containing 10.534 acres, more or less. Tract No. 5 Beginning at station No. 1 (not marked), this point being by true azimuth and distance 331° 41' 50"—83.00 feet from station No. 7, of tract No. 4, marked by a pipe. Thence running by true azimuths and distances: 303° 30' 00"—14.30 feet to station No. 2, situated on the bank of Kaupuni Creek; 87° 19' 30"—10.84 feet along the said creek to station No. 3; 172° 32' 00"—8.47 feet to the point of beginning; Containing 0.001 acres, more or less. Tract No. 6 Beginning at station No. 1, marked by a 1-inch pipe, the azimuth and distance from said point to Lahilahi triangulation station being 302° 06' 20"—7,827.07 feet. Thence running by true azimuths and distances: 53° 00' 40"—50.05 feet along grant No. 4200 to station No. 2, marked by a 1-inch pipe; 87° 18' 00"—100.00 feet along the same to station No. 3, marked by a 1-inch pipe; 8º 55' 00"—45.05 feet along the same to station No. 4, marked by a 1-inch pipe located in the corner of the fence; 120° 05' 20"—238.80 feet along the Onhu Railway & Land Co's right of way to station No. 5, marked by a hub; 228° 39' 00"—146.39 feet along the Kaupuni Creek to station No. 6, marked by a wooden hub; 299° 22' 20"—279.53 feet along the shore to the point of beginning; Containing 0.797 acres, more or less. Tract No. 7 Beginning at station No. 1, marked by a small cross cut in coral rock on the southwest corner of Holi lot, the azimuth and distance from said point to Lahilahi triangulation station being 293° 48' 00"—3,888.00 feet. Thence running by true azimuths and distances: 65° 30' 10"—278.45 feet along Holi lot to station No. 2, marked by a 1-inch pipe on the west side of the Oahu Railway & Land Co.'s right of way; 145° 04' 20"—648.12 feet along said right of way to station No. 3, marked by a pipe; 145° 05' 30"—385.51 feet along the same to station No. 4, marked by a pipe; On a curve to the left, along the same to station No. 5, marked by a pipe, direct azimuth and distance being 142° 58' 30"—809.22 feet; On a curve to the left, along the same to station No. 6, marked by a pipe, direct azimuth and distance being 131° 24' 30"—539.44 feet; On a curve to the left, along the same to station No. 7, marked by a pipe, direct azimuth and distance being 117° 59' 20"—1,171.90 feet; 227° 03' 46"—506.63 feet along grant No. 4200, to station No. 8, marked by a small cross cut in coral rock; 285º 55' 40"—182.44 feet along the shore to station No. 9, marked by a cross on coral; 349° 48' 40"—132.27 feet along the shore to station No. 10, marked by a cross on coral; 346° 50' 20"—146.89 feet along the shore to station No. 11, marked by a cross on coral; 298° 28' 40"—151.59 feet along the shore to station No. 12, marked by a cross on coral; 336° 48' 00"—214.49 feet along the shore to station No. 13, marked by a cross on coral; 333° 02' 20"—93.00 feet along the shore to station No. 14, marked by a cross on coral; 297° 58' 20"—274.90 feet along the shore to station No. 15, marked by a cross on coral; 280° 23'20"—193.76 feet along the shore to station No. 16, marked by a cross on coral; 24° 55' 20"—183.05 feet along the shore to station No. 17, marked by a cross on coral; 278° 26' 00"—263.83 feet along the shore to station No. 18, marked by a cross on coral; 284° 15' 20"—303.69 feet along the shore to station No. 19, marked by a cross on coral; 332° 37' 40"—143.58 feet along the shore to station No. 20, marked by a cross on coral; 2º 41' 20"—216.29 feet along the shore to station No. 21, marked by a cross on coral; 334° 01' 20"—202.68 feet along the shore to station No. 22, marked by a cross on coral; 280° 57' 40"—710.88 feet along the shore to station No. 23, marked by a cross on coral; 316° 30' 20"—169.60 feet along the shore to station No. 21, marked by a cross on coral; 348° 09' 20"—232.23 feet along the shore to station No. 25; marked by a cross on coral; 17° 26' 40"—342.35 feet along the shore to station No. 26, marked by a cross on coral; 332° 07' 00"—197.28 feet along the shore to the point of beginning; Containing 26.221 acres, more or less. Tract No. 8 Beginning at station No. 1, marked by a small cross on coral, same being the southwest corner of Ohule lot, the azimuth and distance from said point to Lahilahi triangulation station being 289° 55' 30"—3,674.5 feet. Thence running by true azimuths and distances: 56° 50' 00"—99.64 feet to station No. 2, marked by a 1-inch pipe near old stone wall; 56° 54' 50"—70.00 feet to station No. 3, marked by a 1-inch pipe on the boundary of the Oahu Railway & Land Co's right of way; 142° 57' 30"—179.27 feet along said right of way to station No. 4, marked by a pipe; 236° 52' 50"—111.00 feet along Holi lot to station No. 5, marked by a pipe; 236° 52' 50"—114.28 feet along the same lot to station No. 6, marked by a cross on coral, this being the northwest corner of Holi lot; Along the shore to the point of beginning, the direct azimuth and distance being 340° 31' 00"—183.84 feet; Containing 0.811 acres, more or less. Tract No. 9 Beginning at station No. 1, marked by a cross on coral, same being the south-west corner of Knhinu lot, the azimuth and distance from said point to Lahilahi triangulation station being 286° 20' 20"—3,219.70 feet. Thence running by true azimuths and distances: 60° 54' 50"—195.93 feet along Kahinu lot to station No. 2, marked by a pipe; 134° 42' 30"—338.45 feet along the Oahu Railway & Land Co.'s right of way to station No. 3, marked by a pipe; 236° 52' 30"—146.63 feet along Ohule lot to station No. 4, marked by a hub; Along the shore to station No. 5, marked by a pipe, the direct azimuth and distance being 314° 43' 00"—342.28 feet; 248° 41' 00"—49.11 feet to the point of beginning; Containing 1.133 acres, more or less. Tract No. 10 Beginning at station No. 1, on the north side of the small stream bed, marked by a hub, the azimuth and distance from said point to Lahilahi triangulation station being 280° 32' 00"—2,611.25 feet. Thence running by true azimuths and distances: 51° 56' 40"—120.65 feet to station No. 2, near the stream; 315° 56' 40"—67.24 feet to station No. 3, marked by a 1-inch pipe on the boundary of the Oahu Railway & Land Co's right of way; 123° 04' 00"—82.48 feet to station No. 4, marked by a circular concrete monument in the center of the stream bed; 123° 07' 20"—272.65 feet along the Oahu Railway & Land Co.'s right of way to station No. 5, marked by a pipe; 124° 03' 00"—146.75 feet along the same to station No. 6, this being the northeast corner of Kaheleloa lot; 251° 54' 40"—85.00 feet along Kaheleloa lot to station No. 7, marked by a pipe; 251° 50' 40"—113.97 feet along the same to station No. 8, located on the beach, marked by a hub; 298° 32' 10"—101.28 feet along the shore to station No. 9, marked by a hub; 311º 23' 40"—252.18 feet along the shore to the point of beginning; Containing 1.391 acres, more or less. Tract No. 11 Beginning at station No. 1, marked by a 1¼-inch pipe in the sand, the azimuth and distance from said point to Lahilahi triangulation station being 277° 35' 00"—2,333.57 feet. Thence running by true azimuths and distances: 66° 56' 00"—149.50 feet to station No. 2, marked by a concrete monument on the west boundary of the Oahu Railway & Land Co.'s right of way; 122° 40' 20"—104.09 feet along said right of way to station No 3, marked by a 1-inch pipe; 254° 56' 20"—122.73 feet along Land Commission Award No. 9486 to station No. 4, marked by a 2-inch pipe; 215° 00' 00"—46.40 feet along the same to a cross on coral, marking station No. 5; 310° 11' 00"—104.54 feet along the shore to the point of beginning; Containing 0.282 acres, more or less. AREA AND OFFICIAL MAP The net area of tracts numbered 1 to 11 inclusive, as shown on drawing, file number 11-1-2K-28, entitled " U.S. Military Reservation, Waianae-Kai," scale 1 inch =200 feet, dated November 2, 1928, on file in the office of the Department Engineer, Fort Shafter, Territory of Hawaii, is 195.851 acres, more or less. HERBERT HOOVER The White House, July 31, 1930.
Executive Order 5414—Correction in Description of the Waianae-Kai Military Reservation
Executive Brief • At a Glance
The description of the Waianae-Kai Military Reservation contained in said Executive Order No. 2900, dated July 2, 1918, be, and the same is hereby, amended to read as follows: Tract No. 1 Beginning at station No. 1, marked by a 1½-inch pipe situated on the northeast corner of Land Commission Award No. 6632, the azimuth and distance to said initial point, from Waianae triangulation station, marked by a concrete monument at the entrance to Dowsett Road (all azimuths being measured clockwise from true north), being 222° 38' 50"—354.88 feet.
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Herbert Hoover on July 31, 1930, this order concerns Correction in Description of the Waianae-Kai Military Reservation. The description of the Waianae-Kai Military Reservation contained in said Executive Order No. 2900, dated July 2, 1918, be, and the same is hereby, amended to read as follows: Tract No. 1 Beginning at station No. 1, marked by a 1½-inch pipe situated on the northeast corner of Land Commission Award No. 6632, the azimuth and distance to said initial point, from Waianae triangulation station, marked by a concrete…
Key Directives & Operative Actions
The description of the Waianae-Kai Military Reservation contained in said Executive Order No. 2900, dated July 2, 1918, be, and the same is hereby, amended to read as follows: Tract No. 1 Beginning at station No. 1, marked by a 1½-inch pipe situated on the northeast corner of Land Commission Award No. 6632, the azimuth and distance to said initial point, from Waianae triangulation station, marked by a concrete monument at the entrance to Dowsett Road (all azimuths being measured clockwise from true north), being 222° 38' 50"—354.88 feet.
Thence running by true azimuths and distances: 251° 27' 00"—346.50 feet to station No. 2, marked by a 1¼-inch pipe, same being on a 20-foot offset from the center line of the Oahu Railway & Land Co's track; 296° 22' 14"—463.94 feet to station No. 3, marked by a 1-inch pipe on the east side of the Oahu Railway & Land Co.'s right of way; 295° 43' 00"—702.22 feet along the Oahu Railway & Land Co.'s right of way to station No. 4, marked by a galvanized iron pipe; On a curve to the right, along the same to station No. 5, marked by a pipe, the direct azimuth and distance being 301° 22' 20"—469.88 feet; On a curve to the right, along the same to station No. 6, marked by a pipe, the direct azimuth and distance being 311° 34' 20"—539.81 feet; On a…
Thence by true azimuths and distances: 63° 10' 00"—40.62 feet across the Waianae Plantation Railroad right of way, along the boundary of tract No. 1 to station No. 2, marked by a wooden hub; 146° 17' 00"—67.81 feet to station No. 3, marked by a small cross in coral; On a curve to the left to station No. 4, direct azimuth and distance being 144° 02' 00"—100.00 feet; On a curve to the left to station No. 5, direct azimuth and distance being 137° 10' 00"—100.00 feet; On a curve to the left to station No. 6, direct azimuth and distance being 130° 06' 00"—100.00 feet; On a curve to the left to station No. 7, direct azimuth and distance being 127° 30' 00"—42.42 feet; 127° 18'20"—1,511.25 feet to station No. 8, marked by a wooden hub; 127° 20'…
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
Policy Areas & Topics
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)
Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Administers commerce or fiscal programs requiring ongoing statutory delegation and legislative oversight.
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Directs internal executive branch machinery, agency workflows, and federal personnel.
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Due Process & Individual Rights
Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Referenced By Later Executive Orders (3)
Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 5414 (July 31, 1930), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-5414-correction-description-the-waianae-kai-military-reservation.