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Executive Orders Historical Archive
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Executive Order 5487 ⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight Constitutional Neutral (+0.02) 📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority

Executive Order 5487—Description of the Fort Armstrong Military Reservation

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Friday, November 14, 1930
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5 min read (1,083 words)

Executive Brief • At a Glance

⏱️ 5 min read (1,083 words) • ● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate

The description of the Fort Armstrong Military Reservation be, and the same is hereby, amended to read as follows: Tract No. 1 Beginning at concrete monument No. I on the west side of Ala Moana Road, said point of beginning bearing by true azimuth (from south) to following points: Punchbowl triangulation station 226° 24' 13"—6,608.72 feet; Aloha Tower 160° 30' 51'—2,844.86 feet; Street monument 314° 45' 05"—124.97 feet; Thence running by true azimuths and distances (all azimuths being measured clockwise from true south): 354° 25' 264.58 feet along the west side of Ala Moana Road to concrete monument No. 2; 325° 17' 192.75 feet along same to concrete monument No. 3, this point being the north corner of City and County Sewer Pumping…

⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight
Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Armed Forces & Military Establishments Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants Private Citizens & Property Owners

Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis

Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.

Signed by President Herbert Hoover on November 14, 1930, this order concerns Description of the Fort Armstrong Military Reservation. The description of the Fort Armstrong Military Reservation be, and the same is hereby, amended to read as follows: Tract No. 1 Beginning at concrete monument No. I on the west side of Ala Moana Road, said point of beginning bearing by true azimuth (from south) to following points: Punchbowl triangulation station 226° 24' 13"—6,608.72 feet; Aloha Tower 160° 30' 51'—2,844.86 feet; Street monument 314° 45' 05"—124.97…

Constitutional Assessment: Scrutinized through Article II, Section 2, this action exercises the President's constitutional role as Commander in Chief. Early Framers recognized broad executive discretion in commanding military forces during conflict, provided it remains bounded by congressional declarations and respects civilian domestic courts.

Key Directives & Operative Actions

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The description of the Fort Armstrong Military Reservation be, and the same is hereby, amended to read as follows: Tract No. 1 Beginning at concrete monument No. I on the west side of Ala Moana Road, said point of beginning bearing by true azimuth (from south) to following points: Punchbowl triangulation station 226° 24' 13"—6,608.72 feet; Aloha Tower 160° 30' 51'—2,844.86 feet; Street monument 314° 45' 05"—124.97 feet; Thence running by true azimuths and distances (all azimuths being measured clockwise from true south): 354° 25' 264.58 feet along the west side of Ala Moana Road to concrete monument No. 2; 325° 17' 192.75 feet along same to concrete monument No. 3, this point being the north corner of City and County Sewer Pumping…

Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted

🏛️ Armed Forces & Military Establishments 🏛️ Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants 🏛️ Private Citizens & Property Owners
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The Framers' Constitutional Council

1787 Prism

Evaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.

⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight)
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"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."

— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
JM

James Madison

Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy

"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)

Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.

Madisonian Stance: Vigilant / Cautionary
AH

Alexander Hamilton

The Energetic Executive & Unified Command

"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)

Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.

Hamiltonian Stance: Strong Prerogative Support
GM

George Mason

Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment

"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)

The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.

Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
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Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions

An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.

⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
30 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8

Legislative Encroachment & Purse

Low Friction

Operates within delegated statutory execution without modifying legislative appropriations or taxing powers.

Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3

Executive Scope & Faithfulness

Low Friction

Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.

Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment

Federalism & State Sovereignty

Moderate Friction

Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.

Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments

Due Process & Individual Rights

Low Friction

Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.

Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers

Youngstown Jacksonian Tier

Moderate Friction

The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.

Benchmark: Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
⚖️ Audit Synthesis

This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.

Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
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How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
1,083
6,286 characters
Estimated Read Time
5 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
7.4
Grade 7
Language Tone Score
+0.02
Constitutional Neutral
How is this scored?
Text size:

Official Archival Text

View Source Document

Territory of Hawaii Whereas , by Executive Order No. 1008, dated January 15, 1909, 5.75 acres more or less, of the United States Naval Reservation, Honolulu, on Kaakaukukui Reef, were placed under the control of the Secretary of War for the purpose of establishing suitable protection for the submarine mine defenses of Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii; Whereas , by Executive Order No. 1175, dated March 12, 1910, the military reservation was further enlarged by the transfer to the War Department of an additional portion of the said naval reservation, the portion so transferred containing 41.09 acres, more or less; Whereas , by Executive Order No. 1362, dated May 26, 1911, the said military reservation was further enlarged by the addition thereto of a strip of land approximately 100 feet wide, containing 4.40 acres, more or less; Whereas , by Executive Order No. 1559, dated July 6, 1912, the said military reservation was further enlarged by the addition thereto of a strip of land approximately 200 feet wide, containing 13.10 acres, more or less; Whereas , by Executive Order No. 2323, dated February 21, 1916, the said military reservation was further enlarged by the transfer to the War Department of an additional portion of the said naval reservation, the portion so transferred containing 22.41 acres, more or less; Whereas , by Executive Order No. 2464, dated September 29, 1916, the said military reservation was reduced by restoring to its previous status for the use of the Territory of Hawaii, 4.48 acres, more or less, and also enlarged by the addition thereto from the public domain of 24,653.80 square feet (0.565 acres, more or less); Whereas , by Executive Order No. 2901, dated July 2, 1918, the said military reservation was further enlarged by the addition thereto from the public domain of 80,170 square feet (1.84 acres, more or less); Whereas the area of the reservation, as determined by a recent survey, is 0.287 acres larger than the area given in the above Executive orders; Now, Therefore , pursuant to the authority vested in me by section 91 of the act of Congress approved April 30, 1900 (31 Stat. 159), entitled "An act to provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii," as amended by section 7 of the act of Congress approved May 27, 1910 (36 Stat. 447), it is hereby ordered that the description of the Fort Armstrong Military Reservation be, and the same is hereby, amended to read as follows: Tract No. 1 Beginning at concrete monument No. I on the west side of Ala Moana Road, said point of beginning bearing by true azimuth (from south) to following points: Punchbowl triangulation station 226° 24' 13"—6,608.72 feet; Aloha Tower 160° 30' 51'—2,844.86 feet; Street monument 314° 45' 05"—124.97 feet; Thence running by true azimuths and distances (all azimuths being measured clockwise from true south): 354° 25' 264.58 feet along the west side of Ala Moana Road to concrete monument No. 2; 325° 17' 192.75 feet along same to concrete monument No. 3, this point being the north corner of City and County Sewer Pumping Station; 52° 23' 329.02 feet along said pumping station to concrete monument No. 4, situated at corner of fence; 322° 23' 199.75 feet along the same to concrete monument No. 5, situated at the bottom of drainage ditch near the north bank, said point being also south corner of City and County Sewer Pumping Station; 52º 23' 797.92 feet along the drainage ditch to concrete monument No. 6, located nearly in center of the stream; 52º 23' 2,468.25 feet over a submerged area to station No. 7, not marked; 145° 00' 200.00 feet over a submerged area to station No. 8, not marked; 189° 25' 1,206.87 feet over a submerged area to station No. 9, not marked; this point being on the extension southwesterly of the line B-C of the harbor line, approved by the Assistant Secretary of War on July 21, 1909; 219° 00' 1,705.55 feet along said extension of said harbor line to station No. 10, not marked, located 2.86 feet from western corner of Pier No. 2; 309° 00' 100.00 feet to station No. 11 under water, not marked, this point being on the south side of Pier No. 2; 309° 00' 113.00 feet to station No. 12, marked by a brass plate set in sea wall; 309° 00' 60.70 feet along the southern end of Channel Street to station No. 13, marked by a brass plate set in concrete; 219° 00' 640.04 feet along the east side of Channel Street to station No. 14, marked by a circular brass plate; 309° 00' 82.99 feet long the same to station No. 15, located on the west corner of immigration station, marked by a small concrete monument; 309° 00' 700.00 feet along the southwestern boundary of immigration station to station No. 16, marked by brass disc set flush with ground; 219° 00' 20'' 338.34 feet along the southeastern boundary of immigration station to the point of beginning; Containing an area of eighty-three and three hundred and one thousandths acres (83.301 A.), more or less, of which twenty-nine and seven hundred and seventy-two thousandths acres (29.772 A.) are above high tide and fifty-three and five hundred and twenty-nine thousandths acres (53.529 A.) are submerged land. Tract No. 2 Beginning at concrete monument No. 1 on the west side of Channel Street, said point of beginning bearing by true azimuth (from south) 142° 03' 20" 61.81 feet from Hawaiian Territorial Survey monument located near north corner of United States Immigration Station, and thence running by true azimuths and distances: 39° 00' 224.88 feet along Channel Street to station No. 2, marked by a brass plate; 129° 00' 192.99 feet along northeast side of Pier No. 2 to station No. 3, marked by a brass plate; 129° 00' 101.64 feet along the same to station No. 4, not marked, located on the harbor line; 219° 00' 214.12 feet along said harbor line to station No. 5, not marked; 279° 46' 116.48 feet across the water to station No. 6, located in the water, not marked; 322° 20' 198.34 feet along the fence to point of beginning; Containing an area of one and six hundred and sixty-one thousandths acres (1.661 A.), more or less, of which one and two hundred and forty-eight thousandths acres (1.248 A.) are above high tide and four hundred and thirteen thousandths acres (0.413 A.) are submerged land. HERBERT HOOVER The White House, November 14, 1930.

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Referenced By Later Executive Orders (3)

Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.

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Scholarly & Legal Citations

Exec. Order No. 5487 (Nov. 14, 1930), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-5487-description-the-fort-armstrong-military-reservation.