The following persons may be appointed to appropriate positions in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing of the Treasury Department without compliance with the requirements of the civil-service rules. Mrs. Mary J. A. Hangliter . Mrs. Hangliter is the wife of Edward R. Hangliter, who served as a plate printer for 20 years prior to his retirement on account of total disability. They have three young children to support. Mrs. Hangliter was formerly employed as a printer's assistant in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing but is not eligible for reinstatement Mrs. Margaret B. Hillyard . Mrs. Hillyard is the widow of Arthur V. Hillyard, who served as a plate printer for 17 years and died on May 2, 1930, leaving Mrs. Hillyard with three small children and a very small income to support them. Mrs. Hillyard formerly served as a printer's assistant in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and has held temporary positions elsewhere in the Government but is not eligible for permanent reinstatement. Mrs. Catherine Lehmkuhl . Mrs. Lehmkuhl is the widow of Christopher Lehmkuhl, who served as a plate printer for 28 years and died on January 25, 1931, leaving Mrs. Lehmkuhl with no income. Miss Frances N. Kane . Miss Kane is the daughter of Edward Kane, who served as a plate printer in the bureau for 25 years and died on October 31, 1929, after he had been retired on account of total disability, leaving Mrs. Kane and four children with no means of support. These appointments are recommended by the Acting Secretary of the Treasury. HERBERT HOOVER The White House, September 4, 1931.
Executive Order 5706—Authorizing the Appointment of Mrs. Mary J. A. Hangliter, Mrs. Margaret B. Hillyard, Mrs. Catherine Lehmkuhl, and Miss Frances N. Kane
Executive Brief • At a Glance
The following persons may be appointed to appropriate positions in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing of the Treasury Department without compliance with the requirements of the civil-service rules.
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Herbert Hoover on September 4, 1931, this order concerns Authorizing the Appointment of Mrs. Mary J. A. Hangliter, Mrs. Margaret B. Hillyard, Mrs. Catherine Lehmkuhl, and Miss Frances N. Kane. The following persons may be appointed to appropriate positions in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing of the Treasury Department without compliance with the requirements of the civil-service rules. Mrs. Mary J. A. Hangliter . Mrs. Hangliter is the wife of Edward R. Hangliter, who served as a plate printer for 20 years prior to his retirement on account of total disability. They have three young children to support.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
The following persons may be appointed to appropriate positions in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing of the Treasury Department without compliance with the requirements of the civil-service rules.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
Policy Areas & Topics
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
"When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization of Congress, his authority is at its maximum, for it includes all that he possesses in his own right plus all that Congress can delegate."
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"The constitutional magistracy was designed not to invent policy, but to be the faithful instrument of the laws passed by the people's representatives." — Speech in the First Congress (1789)
Madison would approve the structural posture of this order. The President acts strictly in subordination to statutory authority granted under Article II, Section 3 ("take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"). The checks and balances hold firm because the policy origin remains with the legislature.
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)
Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Administers commerce or fiscal programs requiring ongoing statutory delegation and legislative oversight.
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Due Process & Individual Rights
Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The President operates strictly as the constitutional Chief Executive, carrying out policy established by Congress with strong statutory backing.
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 5706 (Sept. 4, 1931), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-5706-authorizing-the-appointment-mrs-mary-j-hangliter-mrs-margaret-b.