A Code of Fair Competition for the Graphic Arts Industries and a Code of Fair Competition for the Daily Newspaper Publishing Business having been approved respectively in Executive Orders dated February 17, 1934, and certain provisions in the two Codes being substantially identical in phraseology and alike in effect and meaning, to-wit, Section 17 (b) of Article I of the Code of Fair Competition for the Graphic Arts Industries and Article VII of the Code of Fair Competition for the Daily Newspaper Publishing Business, and Section 19 (b) of Article II of the Code of Fair Competition for the Graphic Arts Industries and Section 1 (a), (b) and (c) of Article V of the Code of Fair Competition for the Daily Newspaper Publishing Business, and whereas the conditions of approval of said sections and/or articles in the two Codes are different, Now, therefore, I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, pursuant to the authority vested in me by Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, and otherwise, to bring about uniformity and for other purposes, do hereby modify and amend my said orders of approval of said Code of Fair Competition for the Graphic Arts Industries and said Code of Fair Competition for the Daily Newspaper Publishing Business, respectively, as follows: 1. The Government members of the Code Authority of the Graphic Arts Industries shall give particular attention to the provisions authorizing minors to sell newspapers and periodicals and to deliver newspapers, periodicals and advertising newspapers. They shall report to the President not later than sixty days hence. 2. My comment with respect to Article VII of the Code of Fair Competition for the Daily Newspaper Publishing Business applies also to Section 17 (b) of Article 1 of the Code of Fair Competition for the Graphic Arts Industries, but said Article VII of the Code of Fair Competition for the Daily Newspaper Publishing Business and said Section 17 (b) of Article I of the Code of Fair Competition for the Graphic Arts Industries are nevertheless respectively approved as submitted and without modification, condition or qualification. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Approval recommended: Hugh S. Johnson. Administrator. The White House, February 24, 1934.
Executive Order 6613 ⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight Constitutional Neutral (+0.02)
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Executive Order 6613-A—Amendment to Code of Fair Competition for the Graphic Arts Industries and Daily Newspaper Publishing Business
Executive Brief • At a Glance
⏱️ 2 min read (367 words) •
● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate
I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, pursuant to the authority vested in me by Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, and otherwise, to bring about uniformity and for other purposes, do hereby modify and amend my said orders of approval of said Code of Fair Competition for the Graphic Arts Industries and said Code of Fair Competition for the Daily Newspaper Publishing Business, respectively, as follows: 1.
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight
Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Executive Branch Departments General Body of the People
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 24, 1934, this order concerns Amendment to Code of Fair Competition for the Graphic Arts Industries and Daily Newspaper Publishing Business. I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, pursuant to the authority vested in me by Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, and otherwise, to bring about uniformity and for other purposes, do hereby modify and amend my said orders of approval of said Code of Fair Competition for the Graphic Arts Industries and said Code of Fair Competition for the Daily Newspaper…
Constitutional Assessment: This action represents an orderly exercise of Article II administrative discretion, managing the internal machinery and personnel of the executive branch without abridging the ancient liberties of the people.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
▪
I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, pursuant to the authority vested in me by Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, and otherwise, to bring about uniformity and for other purposes, do hereby modify and amend my said orders of approval of said Code of Fair Competition for the Graphic Arts Industries and said Code of Fair Competition for the Daily Newspaper Publishing Business, respectively, as follows: 1.
▪
The Government members of the Code Authority of the Graphic Arts Industries shall give particular attention to the provisions authorizing minors to sell newspapers and periodicals and to deliver newspapers, periodicals and advertising newspapers.
▪
They shall report to the President not later than sixty days hence. 2.
▪
My comment with respect to Article VII of the Code of Fair Competition for the Daily Newspaper Publishing Business applies also to Section 17 (b) of Article 1 of the Code of Fair Competition for the Graphic Arts Industries, but said Article VII of the Code of Fair Competition for the Daily Newspaper Publishing Business and said Section 17 (b) of Article I of the Code of Fair Competition for the Graphic Arts Industries are nevertheless respectively approved as submitted and without modification, condition or qualification.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
🏛️ Executive Branch Departments
🏛️ General Body of the People
Policy Areas & Topics
🏛️
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight)
§
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
JM
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Madisonian Stance: Vigilant / Cautionary
AH
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the government; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad government." — Federalist No. 70 (1788)
Hamilton would view this directive as the natural and indispensable functioning of administrative leadership. Without the power to coordinate agencies, manage personnel, and resolve operational ambiguities, the modern presidency would be reduced to an impotent figurehead.
Hamiltonian Stance: Defends Vigor & Dispatch
GM
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
📐
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
34 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8
Low Friction
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Operates within delegated statutory execution without modifying legislative appropriations or taxing powers.
Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3
Low Friction
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment
Moderate Friction
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments
Moderate Friction
Due Process & Individual Rights
Applies regulatory or compliance standards to private contractors or commercial entities.
Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers
Moderate Friction
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
Benchmark: Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
⚖️
Audit Synthesis
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
ℹ️
How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
367
2,284 characters
Estimated Read Time
2 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
25.7
Post-Graduate Legal
Text size:
Related Executive Orders
Other executive actions signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt around this period.
EO 6613 Feb 24, 1934
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6613—Revocation of Executive Order of June 18, 1931, Withdrawing Public Lands, Colorado
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Pursuant to Public Resolution 85, approved June 12, 1930 (ch. 471, 46 Stat. 580), that, subject to valid rights and the provisions of existing withdrawals, the public lands in said sections shall be opened only to entry under the homestead or desert-land laws by qualified…
Franklin D. Roosevelt High School • 1m
EO 6612 Feb 23, 1934
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6612-A—Amendment of Executive Order No. 6580 of February 1, 1934
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Executive Order No. 6580 of February 1, 1934, is hereby amended by striking out paragraph numbered 2 thereof and inserting in its stead the following paragraph: 2.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Post-Graduate Legal • 1m
EO 6620 Feb 26, 1934
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6620—Public Water Restoration No. 77, Wyoming
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Executive Order No. 6025 of February 14, 1933, creating Public Water Reserve No. 149, be, and it is hereby, revoked insofar as it pertains to the following-described lands: Wyoming SIXTH PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN T. 16 N., R. 88 W., sec. 28, lots 4 and 5.
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EO 6620 Feb 26, 1934
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6620-A—Code of Fair Competition for the Fishery Industry
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
I, Franklin D. Roosevelt , President of the United States, pursuant to the authority vested in me by Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act approved June 16, 1933, and otherwise, do adopt and approve the report, recommendations and findings of the Administrator and do…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Post-Graduate Legal • 1m
EO 6620 Feb 26, 1934
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6620-B—Code of Fair Competition for the Hotel Industry, Modification of Executive Order of November 17, 1933
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
A Code of Fair Competition for the Hotel Industry having been approved by me on November 17, 1933, subject to the condition, among others, that within ninety days from the effective date thereof the Administrator should hold such further hearings upon such notice as he in his…
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EO 6619 Feb 26, 1934
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6619—Public Water Reserve No. 153, Arizona, Utah, and Wyoming
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
The following-described public lands of the United States be, and they are hereby, temporarily withdrawn from settlement, location, sale, or entry and reserved for public use in accordance with the provisions of section 10 of the act of December 29, 1916 (ch. 9, 39 Stat. 862…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Grade 6 • 1m
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Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 6613 (Feb. 24, 1934), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-6613-amendment-code-fair-competition-for-the-graphic-arts-industries-and.
