AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE V Pursuant to authority vested in me by Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, upon due consideration of the facts, and upon the report and recommendation and findings of the National Industrial Recovery Board with respect to the adequacy of the minimum wages established in the Code of Fair Competition for the Paper and Pulp Industry as approved by me on November 17, 1933, I, Franklin D. Roosevelt , President of the United States, do hereby adopt and approve the said report, recommendation and findings of the National Industrial Recovery Board, and Do Hereby Order that the Code of Fair Competition for the Paper and Pulp Industry be and the same is hereby amended to the extent set forth in Schedule A attached hereto and hereby made a part hereof, and, Do Hereby Find that said amendment and the Code as constituted after being amended comply in all respects with the pertinent provisions and will promote the policy and purposes of said Title of said Act, and, Do Hereby Order that said amendment be and it is hereby approved, and that the previous approval of said Code is hereby amended to include an approval of said Code in its entirety as amended. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Approval Recommended: National Industrial Recovery Board By: W. A. Harriman Administrative Officer The White House Feb 5. 1935. SCHEDULE A Amendment to the Code of Fair Competition for the Paper and Pulp Industry Article V, Section 1, of said Code is hereby deleted in its entirety and in lieu thereof the following is inserted: 1. The minimum rate of wage of any worker referred to in Sub-sections (a), (b), (c), and (d), of Section 1 of Article IV shall be as follows: (a). In the Northern Zone, which shall consist of all the territory of the United States except the states described in Sub-sections (b) and (c) hereof:— Male: 40 cents per hour: Female: 35 cents per hour (b). In the Central Zone, which shall consist of the States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina and the District of Columbia:— Male: 37 cents per hour; Female: 32 cents per hour (c). In the Southern Zone, which shall consist of the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas:— Male: 32 cents per hour; Female: 30 cents per hour Article V, Section 5 of said Code is hereby deleted and in lieu thereof the following is inserted: 5. The minimum rate of wage for all employees described in Sub-section (f) of Section 1 of Article IV shall be as follows: (a). In the Northern Zone as defined in Section 1 hereof, $16.00 per week (b). In the Central Zone as defined in Section 1 hereof, $15.00 per week (c). In the Southern Zone as defined in Section 1 hereof, $14.00 per week
Executive Order 6964-B—Code of Fair Competition for the Paper and Pulp Industry
Executive Brief • At a Glance
The Code of Fair Competition for the Paper and Pulp Industry be and the same is hereby amended to the extent set forth in Schedule A attached hereto and hereby made a part hereof, and, Do Hereby Find that said amendment and the Code as constituted after being amended comply in all respects with the pertinent provisions and will promote the policy and purposes of said Title of said Act, and, Do Hereby Order that said amendment be and it is hereby approved, and that the previous approval of said Code is hereby amended to include an approval of said Code in its entirety as amended.
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 5, 1935, this order concerns Code of Fair Competition for the Paper and Pulp Industry. The Code of Fair Competition for the Paper and Pulp Industry be and the same is hereby amended to the extent set forth in Schedule A attached hereto and hereby made a part hereof, and, Do Hereby Find that said amendment and the Code as constituted after being amended comply in all respects with the pertinent provisions and will promote the policy and purposes of said Title of said Act, and, Do Hereby Order that…
Key Directives & Operative Actions
The Code of Fair Competition for the Paper and Pulp Industry be and the same is hereby amended to the extent set forth in Schedule A attached hereto and hereby made a part hereof, and, Do Hereby Find that said amendment and the Code as constituted after being amended comply in all respects with the pertinent provisions and will promote the policy and purposes of said Title of said Act, and, Do Hereby Order that said amendment be and it is hereby approved, and that the previous approval of said Code is hereby amended to include an approval of said Code in its entirety as amended.
SCHEDULE A Amendment to the Code of Fair Competition for the Paper and Pulp Industry Article V, Section 1, of said Code is hereby deleted in its entirety and in lieu thereof the following is inserted: 1.
The minimum rate of wage of any worker referred to in Sub-sections (a), (b), (c), and (d), of Section 1 of Article IV shall be as follows: (a).
In the Northern Zone, which shall consist of all the territory of the United States except the states described in Sub-sections (b) and (c) hereof:— Male: 40 cents per hour: Female: 35 cents per hour (b).
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
Policy Areas & Topics
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the government; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad government." — Federalist No. 70 (1788)
Hamilton would view this directive as the natural and indispensable functioning of administrative leadership. Without the power to coordinate agencies, manage personnel, and resolve operational ambiguities, the modern presidency would be reduced to an impotent figurehead.
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Operates within delegated statutory execution without modifying legislative appropriations or taxing powers.
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Due Process & Individual Rights
Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Referenced By Later Executive Orders (6)
Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 6964 (Feb. 5, 1935), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-6964-b-code-fair-competition-for-the-paper-and-pulp-industry.