Section 2 of Executive Order No. 6981, of March 2, 1935, removing, in certain cases, restrictions imposed by Public Resolution 55, of June 27, 1934 (48 Stat. 1267), as to payments, transfers, and deliveries of property under the Trading with the Enemy Act (40 Stat. 411) and the Settlement of War Claims lot of 1928 (45 Stat. 254), is hereby amended to read as follows: "Section 2. The restrictions imposed by the said resolution are hereby removed except as to the following payments, conveyances, transfers, or deliveries of money or property or of the income, issues, profits, or avails thereof: 1. To any person who was on April 6, 1917, or who at any time since that date has been, a German national, unless such person is entitled to receive payment under section 9, subsection (b) (1), of the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended, or unless such person is a national of the United States at the time of payment, conveyance, transfer, or delivery, and was on June 1, 1934, the legal and beneficial owner of the claim to the money or property or the income, issues, profits, or avails thereof, and on or before June 1, 1934, the United States received written notice of such ownership. 2. To any corporation, association, or partnership, or other unincorporated body of individuals, or a body politic which on or at any time since April 6, 1917, was organized or existed under the laws of Germany or had its principal place of business in Germany. 3. To any corporation, association, or partnership, or other unincorporated body of individuals, or a body politic in which a substantial legal or beneficial interest is owned directly or indirectly by any person to whom payment, conveyance, transfer, or delivery continues to be postponed under subdivision 1 or 2 hereof, or to any person who is a trustee of such money or property for a person to whom payment, conveyance, transfer, or delivery continues to be postponed under subdivision 1 or 2 hereof. 4. To the heirs, devisees, legatees, executors, administrators, representatives, creditors, successors, or assigns of any person to whom payment, conveyance, transfer, or delivery continues to be postponed under subdivision 1, 2, or 3 hereof, except to such heirs, devisees, or legatees as are natural persons and have been nationals of the United States from June 1, 1934, to the time of payment, conveyance, transfer, or delivery, and except to such creditors as are not German nationals and are eligible claimants under section 9, subsections (a) and (e) of the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended," FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT The White House, July 22, 1935.
Executive Order 7111—Amendment of Executive Order No. 6981, of March 2, 1935
Executive Brief • At a Glance
Of Executive Order No. 6981, of March 2, 1935, removing, in certain cases, restrictions imposed by Public Resolution 55, of June 27, 1934 (48 Stat. 1267), as to payments, transfers, and deliveries of property under the Trading with the Enemy Act (40 Stat. 411) and the Settlement of War Claims lot of 1928 (45 Stat. 254), is hereby amended to read as follows: "Section 2.
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on July 22, 1935, this order concerns Amendment of Executive Order No. 6981, of March 2, 1935. Section 2 of Executive Order No. 6981, of March 2, 1935, removing, in certain cases, restrictions imposed by Public Resolution 55, of June 27, 1934 (48 Stat. 1267), as to payments, transfers, and deliveries of property under the Trading with the Enemy Act (40 Stat. 411) and the Settlement of War Claims lot of 1928 (45 Stat. 254), is hereby amended to read as follows: "Section 2.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
Of Executive Order No. 6981, of March 2, 1935, removing, in certain cases, restrictions imposed by Public Resolution 55, of June 27, 1934 (48 Stat. 1267), as to payments, transfers, and deliveries of property under the Trading with the Enemy Act (40 Stat. 411) and the Settlement of War Claims lot of 1928 (45 Stat. 254), is hereby amended to read as follows: "Section 2.
The restrictions imposed by the said resolution are hereby removed except as to the following payments, conveyances, transfers, or deliveries of money or property or of the income, issues, profits, or avails thereof: 1.
To any person who was on April 6, 1917, or who at any time since that date has been, a German national, unless such person is entitled to receive payment under section 9, subsection (b) (1), of the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended, or unless such person is a national of the United States at the time of payment, conveyance, transfer, or delivery, and was on June 1, 1934, the legal and beneficial owner of the claim to the money or property or the income, issues, profits, or avails thereof, and on or before June 1, 1934, the United States received written notice of such ownership. 2.
To any corporation, association, or partnership, or other unincorporated body of individuals, or a body politic in which a substantial legal or beneficial interest is owned directly or indirectly by any person to whom payment, conveyance, transfer, or delivery continues to be postponed under subdivision 1 or 2 hereof, or to any person who is a trustee of such money or property for a person to whom payment, conveyance, transfer, or delivery continues to be postponed under subdivision 1 or 2 hereof. 4.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
Policy Areas & Topics
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)
Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Operates within delegated statutory execution without modifying legislative appropriations or taxing powers.
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Due Process & Individual Rights
Applies regulatory or compliance standards to private contractors or commercial entities.
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 7111 (July 22, 1935), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-7111-amendment-executive-order-no-6981-march-2-1935.