REGULATION NO. 6 By virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, approved April 8, 1935 (Public Resolution No. 11, 74th Congress), I hereby prescribe the following rules and regulations relating to unattached workers: 1. Definitions . The term "project", as used herein, means a project ( a ) which is financed in whole or in part from funds appropriated by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, and ( b ) to which is applicable the schedule of monthly earnings set forth in Part I of Regulation No. 1, prescribing rules and regulations relating to wages, hours of work, and conditions of employment under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 (Executive Order No. 7046 of May 20, 1935, and amendments thereto). The term "subsistence", as used herein, means board, lodging, and any other services, facilities, or equipment furnished to unattached workers as defined by the Works Progress Administrator. 2. Wages . The Administrator of the Works Progress Administration, or representatives designated by him, may, in their discretion, ( a ) exempt from the said schedule of monthly earnings any project, portion of a project, or class of work upon a project, with respect to unattached workers, who are furnished subsistence in a camp operated under the supervision of an agency of the Federal Government, and ( b ) provide that, in lieu of such monthly earnings, such unattached workers shall, in addition to their subsistence, be paid monthly earnings not to exceed twenty-five dollars ($25.00) per month. The foregoing exemption shall not be made where to do so would involve the application of different wage scales among workers employed at one location at the same class of work. 3. Except as herein otherwise provided, the provisions of the said Regulation No. 1 (including the provisions with respect to credits and deductions for time lost) shall be applicable to the employment of unattached workers. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT The White House, August 23, 1935.
Executive Order 7157 ⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight Constitutional Neutral (+0.02)
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Executive Order 7157—Prescribing Rules and Regulations Relating to Wages of Unattached Workers Under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935
Executive Brief • At a Glance
⏱️ 2 min read (334 words) •
● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate
The term "project", as used herein, means a project ( a ) which is financed in whole or in part from funds appropriated by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, and ( b ) to which is applicable the schedule of monthly earnings set forth in Part I of Regulation No. 1, prescribing rules and regulations relating to wages, hours of work, and conditions of employment under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 (Executive Order No. 7046 of May 20, 1935, and amendments thereto).
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight
Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Private Citizens & Property Owners Public Health & Medical Institutions
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 23, 1935, this order concerns Prescribing Rules and Regulations Relating to Wages of Unattached Workers Under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935. By virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, approved April 8, 1935 (Public Resolution No. 11, 74th Congress), I hereby prescribe the following rules and regulations relating to unattached workers: 1. Definitions .
Constitutional Assessment: This action represents an orderly exercise of Article II administrative discretion, managing the internal machinery and personnel of the executive branch without abridging the ancient liberties of the people.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
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The term "project", as used herein, means a project ( a ) which is financed in whole or in part from funds appropriated by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, and ( b ) to which is applicable the schedule of monthly earnings set forth in Part I of Regulation No. 1, prescribing rules and regulations relating to wages, hours of work, and conditions of employment under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 (Executive Order No. 7046 of May 20, 1935, and amendments thereto).
▪
The Administrator of the Works Progress Administration, or representatives designated by him, may, in their discretion, ( a ) exempt from the said schedule of monthly earnings any project, portion of a project, or class of work upon a project, with respect to unattached workers, who are furnished subsistence in a camp operated under the supervision of an agency of the Federal Government, and ( b ) provide that, in lieu of such monthly earnings, such unattached workers shall, in addition to their subsistence, be paid monthly earnings not to exceed twenty-five dollars ($25.00) per month.
▪
The foregoing exemption shall not be made where to do so would involve the application of different wage scales among workers employed at one location at the same class of work. 3.
▪
Except as herein otherwise provided, the provisions of the said Regulation No. 1 (including the provisions with respect to credits and deductions for time lost) shall be applicable to the employment of unattached workers.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
🏛️ Private Citizens & Property Owners
🏛️ Public Health & Medical Institutions
Policy Areas & Topics
🏛️
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight)
§
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
JM
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Madisonian Stance: Vigilant / Cautionary
AH
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the government; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad government." — Federalist No. 70 (1788)
Hamilton would view this directive as the natural and indispensable functioning of administrative leadership. Without the power to coordinate agencies, manage personnel, and resolve operational ambiguities, the modern presidency would be reduced to an impotent figurehead.
Hamiltonian Stance: Defends Vigor & Dispatch
GM
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
📐
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
33 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8
Moderate Friction
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Administers commerce or fiscal programs requiring ongoing statutory delegation and legislative oversight.
Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3
Low Friction
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment
Low Friction
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Confined strictly to internal federal jurisdiction, federal property, or direct military command.
Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments
Low Friction
Due Process & Individual Rights
Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.
Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers
Moderate Friction
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
Benchmark: Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
⚖️
Audit Synthesis
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
ℹ️
How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
334
2,043 characters
Estimated Read Time
2 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
15
College Level
Text size:
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Referenced By Later Executive Orders (1)
Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.
Related Executive Orders
1 order cited directly in this text, plus related actions from this administration.
EO 7046 May 20, 1935
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 7046—Prescribing Rules and Regulations Relating to Wages, Hours of Work, and Conditions of Employment Under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935
📜 5th Amend: Regulatory Execution with Due Process
By virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, approved April 8, 1935 (Public Resolution No. 11, 74th Congress), I hereby prescribe the following rules and regulations: PART I—WAGES Except as hereinafter provided…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Post-Graduate Legal • 8m
EO 7158 Aug 23, 1935
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 7158-A—Requiring Reports of Violation of the Eight-Hour Law
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
The heads of all executive departments and other agencies of the Government having supervision of public works of the United States or of the District of Columbia shall notify their representatives in charge of such public works to report all cases in which contractors or…
Franklin D. Roosevelt College Level • 1m
EO 7158 Aug 23, 1935
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 7158—Inspection of Income, Profits, and Capital-Stock Tax Returns by the Committee on Interstate Commerce, United States Senate
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
Income, profits, and capital-stock tax returns made under the Revenue Act of 1934, the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Revenue Act of 1932, as amended by the National Industrial Recovery Act, and the prior revenue acts shall be open to inspection by the Committee on…
Franklin D. Roosevelt College Level • 1m
EO 7156 Aug 23, 1935
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 7156—Establishing Squaw Creek Migratory Waterfowl Refuge
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
The following-described lands, acquired or to be acquired by the United States, in Holt County, Missouri, consisting of 6,625 acres, more or less, be, and they are hereby, reserved and set apart for the use of the Department of Agriculture, subject to valid existing rights, as…
Franklin D. Roosevelt High School • 2m
EO 7155 Aug 23, 1935
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 7155—Exemption of Wilbur John Carr From Compulsory Retirement for Age
📜 10th Amend: Intergovernmental Federalism Cooperation
Exempt Wilbur John Carr from the provisions thereof and continue him in the service for such time as may be deemed necessary, not in excess of five years from October 31, 1935.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Post-Graduate Legal • 1m
EO 7159 Aug 24, 1935
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 7159—Appointing Laurence J. Martin as Acting Administrator of the National Recovery Administration
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
By virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me by Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act (48 Stat. 195), as amended by Public Resolution No. 26, 74th Congress, approved June 14, 1935, Laurence J. Martin of Virginia is hereby appointed as Acting Administrator…
Franklin D. Roosevelt High School • 1m
📜
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 7157 (Aug. 23, 1935), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-7157-prescribing-rules-and-regulations-relating-wages-unattached-workers.
