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Executive Order 7373 🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority Constitutional Neutral (+0.02) 📜 10th Amend: Intergovernmental Federalism Cooperation

Executive Order 7373—Establishing the Desert Game Range, Nevada

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Wednesday, May 20, 1936
•
4 min read (792 words)

Executive Brief • At a Glance

⏱️ 4 min read (792 words) • ● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate

The following-described lands, insofar as title thereto is in the United States, be, and they are hereby, withdrawn from settlement, location, sale, or entry and reserved and set apart for the conservation and development of natural wildlife resources and for the protection and improvement of public grazing lands and natural forage resources: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall restrict prospecting, locating, developing, mining, entering, leasing, or patenting the mineral resources of the lands under the applicable laws: Provided further, That any lands within the described area which are otherwise withdrawn or reserved will be affected hereby only insofar as may be consistent with the uses and purposes for which such prior…

⚖️ Constitutional Footing
🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority
Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
📜 10th Amend: Intergovernmental Federalism Cooperation
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Sovereign State Governments & Localities Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants Private Citizens & Property Owners

Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis

Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.

Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on May 20, 1936, this order concerns Establishing the Desert Game Range, Nevada. The following-described lands, insofar as title thereto is in the United States, be, and they are hereby, withdrawn from settlement, location, sale, or entry and reserved and set apart for the conservation and development of natural wildlife resources and for the protection and improvement of public grazing lands and natural forage resources: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall restrict prospecting…

Constitutional Assessment: Reviewed under the Tenth Amendment and the principle of dual federalism, this order touches upon domains traditionally reserved to the sovereign States. The Framers would caution against any attempt to commandeer state officers or displace local police powers through federal executive fiat.

Key Directives & Operative Actions

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The following-described lands, insofar as title thereto is in the United States, be, and they are hereby, withdrawn from settlement, location, sale, or entry and reserved and set apart for the conservation and development of natural wildlife resources and for the protection and improvement of public grazing lands and natural forage resources: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall restrict prospecting, locating, developing, mining, entering, leasing, or patenting the mineral resources of the lands under the applicable laws: Provided further, That any lands within the described area which are otherwise withdrawn or reserved will be affected hereby only insofar as may be consistent with the uses and purposes for which such prior…

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This range or preserve, insofar as it relates to conservation and development of wildlife, shall be under the joint jurisdiction of the Secretaries of the Interior and Agriculture, and they shall have power jointly to make such rules and regulations for its protection, administration, regulation, and improvement, and for the removal and disposition of surplus game animals, as they may deem necessary to accomplish its purposes, and the range, or preserve, insofar as it relates to the public grazing lands and natural forage resources thereof, shall be under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior, if and when said lands are included in a grazing district duly established, pursuant to the provisions of the Act of June 28…

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Executive Order No. 6910, of November 26, 1934, withdrawing for classification and other purposes all vacant, unreserved and unappropriated public lands in the State of Nevada, and certain other States, as amended by Executive Orders No. 7048, of May 20, 1935, and No. 7235, of November 26, 1935, is hereby further amended to exclude from the provisions of that order as amended the above-described lands.

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This preserve shall be known as the Desert Game Range.

Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted

🏛️ Sovereign State Governments & Localities 🏛️ Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants 🏛️ Private Citizens & Property Owners
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The Framers' Constitutional Council

1787 Prism

Evaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.

🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority)
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"When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization of Congress, his authority is at its maximum, for it includes all that he possesses in his own right plus all that Congress can delegate."

— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
JM

James Madison

Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy

"The constitutional magistracy was designed not to invent policy, but to be the faithful instrument of the laws passed by the people's representatives." — Speech in the First Congress (1789)

Madison would approve the structural posture of this order. The President acts strictly in subordination to statutory authority granted under Article II, Section 3 ("take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"). The checks and balances hold firm because the policy origin remains with the legislature.

Madisonian Stance: Concurring (Statutory)
AH

Alexander Hamilton

The Energetic Executive & Unified Command

"A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the government; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad government." — Federalist No. 70 (1788)

Hamilton would view this directive as the natural and indispensable functioning of administrative leadership. Without the power to coordinate agencies, manage personnel, and resolve operational ambiguities, the modern presidency would be reduced to an impotent figurehead.

Hamiltonian Stance: Supportive of Execution
GM

George Mason

Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment

"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." — 10th Amendment to the US Constitution (1791)

Mason would scrutinize whether this federal directive intrudes into police powers, land stewardship, or municipal domains historically reserved to local citizens. The Anti-Federalist demand is that federal administration must never supplant state self-governance.

Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
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Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions

An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.

⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
31 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8

Legislative Encroachment & Purse

Moderate Friction

Administers commerce or fiscal programs requiring ongoing statutory delegation and legislative oversight.

Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3

Executive Scope & Faithfulness

Low Friction

Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.

Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment

Federalism & State Sovereignty

Moderate Friction

Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.

Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments

Due Process & Individual Rights

Low Friction

Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.

Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers

Youngstown Jacksonian Tier

Low Friction

The President operates strictly as the constitutional Chief Executive, carrying out policy established by Congress with strong statutory backing.

Benchmark: Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
⚖️ Audit Synthesis

This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.

Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
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How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
792
4,785 characters
Estimated Read Time
4 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
16.3
Post-Graduate Legal
Language Tone Score
+0.02
Constitutional Neutral
How is this scored?
Text size:

Official Archival Text

View Source Document

By virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me as President of the United States and by the Act of June 25, 1910, ch. 421, 36 Stat. 847, as amended by the Act of August 24, 1912, ch. 369, 37 Stat. 497, and subject to the conditions therein expressed and to all valid existing rights, it is ordered that the following-described lands, insofar as title thereto is in the United States, be, and they are hereby, withdrawn from settlement, location, sale, or entry and reserved and set apart for the conservation and development of natural wildlife resources and for the protection and improvement of public grazing lands and natural forage resources: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall restrict prospecting, locating, developing, mining, entering, leasing, or patenting the mineral resources of the lands under the applicable laws: Provided further, That any lands within the described area which are otherwise withdrawn or reserved will be affected hereby only insofar as may be consistent with the uses and purposes for which such prior withdrawal or reservation was made: And provided further, That upon the termination of any private right to, or appropriation of, any public lands within the exterior limits of the area included in this order, or upon the revocation of prior withdrawals unless expressly otherwise provided in the order of revocation, the lands involved shall become part of this preserve: NEVADA MOUNT DIABLO MERIDIAN Ts. 9 to 20 S., inclusive, R. 54 E., those parts in Lincoln and Clark Counties; Ts. 9 to 20 S., inclusive, R. 55 E., exclusive of Dixie National Forest; Ts. 13 to 16 S., inclusive, R. 55 1/2 E; Ts. 9 to 21 S., inclusive, Rs. 56 and 57 E., exclusive of Dixie National Forest; Ts. 9 to 21 S., inclusive, R. 58 E.; Ts. 9 to 16 S., inclusive, Rs. 59 to 62 E., inclusive. This range or preserve, insofar as it relates to conservation and development of wildlife, shall be under the joint jurisdiction of the Secretaries of the Interior and Agriculture, and they shall have power jointly to make such rules and regulations for its protection, administration, regulation, and improvement, and for the removal and disposition of surplus game animals, as they may deem necessary to accomplish its purposes, and the range, or preserve, insofar as it relates to the public grazing lands and natural forage resources thereof, shall be under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior, if and when said lands are included in a grazing district duly established, pursuant to the provisions of the Act of June 28, 1934: Provided, however, That the natural forage resources therein shall be first utilized for the purpose of sustaining in a healthy condition a maximum of one thousand eight hundred (1,800) Nelson's mountain sheep, the primary species and such nonpredatory secondary species in such numbers as may be necessary to maintain a balanced wildlife population, but in no case shall the consumption of forage by the combined population of the wildlife species be allowed to increase the burden of the range dedicated to the primary species: Provided further, That with the exception of lands purchased for wildlife conservation purposes all the lands embraced in this range or preserve may be included within a grazing district established under authority of the Act of June 28, 1934, ch. 865, 48 Stat. 1269, or as such act may hereafter be amended, and except as otherwise provided with respect to wildlife, all of the forage resources within this range or preserve shall then be available for domestic livestock under rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior under the authority of that act: And provided further, That land within the exterior limits of the area herein described acquired and to be acquired by the United States for the use of the Department of Agriculture for conservation of migratory birds and other wildlife, shall be and remain under the exclusive administration of the Secretary of Agriculture and may be utilized for public grazing purposes only to such extent as may be determined by the said Secretary to be compatible with the utilization of said lands for the purposes for which they were acquired as aforesaid under regulations prescribed by him. Executive Order No. 6910, of November 26, 1934, withdrawing for classification and other purposes all vacant, unreserved and unappropriated public lands in the State of Nevada, and certain other States, as amended by Executive Orders No. 7048, of May 20, 1935, and No. 7235, of November 26, 1935, is hereby further amended to exclude from the provisions of that order as amended the above-described lands. This preserve shall be known as the Desert Game Range. FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT

THE WHITE HOUSE, #signature

May 20, 1936.

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Referenced By Later Executive Orders (2)

Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.

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Scholarly & Legal Citations

Exec. Order No. 7373 (May 20, 1936), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-7373-establishing-the-desert-game-range-nevada.