WYOMING By virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me by the act of June 25, 1910, ch. 421, 36 Stat. 847, as amended by the act of August 24, 1912, ch. 369, 37 Stat. 497, it is ordered as follows: SECTION 1. Executive Order No. 6910 of November 26, 1934, as amended, temporarily withdrawing certain lands for classification and other purposes, is hereby revoked in so far as it affects any public lands within the following- described area in Wyoming: SIXTH PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN SITE I T. 37 N., R. 67 W., Secs. 4 to 9, 16 to 21, and 28 to 33, inclusive. T. 38 N., R. 67 W., Secs. 4 to 9, 16 to 21, and 28 to 33, inclusive. T. 39 N., R. 67 W., Secs. 4 to 9, 16 to 21, and 28 to 33, inclusive. T. 40 N., R. 67 W., Secs. 4 to 9, 16 to 21, and 28 to 33, inclusive. T. 41 N., R. 67 W., Secs. 1 to 24, inclusive; Sec. 25, N ½; Sec. 26, N ½; Sec. 27, N ½; Secs. 28 to 33, inclusive. Tps. 42 to 44 N., R. 67 W. Tps. 37 to 44 N., R. 68 W. Tps. 38 to 44 N., R. 69 W. Tps. 38 to 43 N., R. 70 W. T. 44 N., R. 70 W., Secs. 1 to 3, 10 to 15, 22 to 27, and 34 to 36, inclusive. Tps. 38 to 43 N., Rs. 71 to 73 W. SITE II T. 55 N., R. 68 W., Sec. 19, W ½. T. 53 N., R. 69 W., Sec. 5, lots 2, 3, 4, SW ¼ NE ¼; Sec. 6, lots 1, 2, 3, 4, SW ¼ NE ¼, SE ¼ NW ¼. Tps. 54 and 55 N., Rs. 69 and 70 W. T. 54, N., R. 71 W., Sec. 1, N ½, NW ¼ SE ¼, E ½ SE ¼; Sec. 23, SE ¼, E ½ SW ¼; Sec. 24, S ½ N ½, NE ¼ NW ¼, S ½; Secs. 25 and 26. SECTION 2. Subject to the conditions expressed in the above-mentioned acts and to all valid existing rights, all vacant, unappropriated, and unreserved public lands within the above-described area are hereby temporarily withdrawn from settlement, location, sale, or entry, and reserved and set apart for use and development by the Department of Agriculture for soil erosion control and other land utilization activities in connection with the Thunder Basin Project, LA-WY 1: Provided , that nothing herein contained shall restrict prospecting, locating, developing, mining, entering, leasing, or patenting the mineral resources of the lands under the applicable laws. SECTION 3. This order shall be applicable to all lands within the area described in section 1 hereof upon the cancellation, termination, or release of prior entries, selections, rights, appropriations, or claims, or upon the revocation of prior withdrawals, unless expressly otherwise provided in the order of revocation. SECTION 4. The reservation made by section 2 of this order shall remain in force until revoked by the President or by act of Congress. FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT The White House, May 13, 1937.
Executive Order 7616 ⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight Constitutional Neutral (+0.02)
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Executive Order 7616—Withdrawal of Public Lands For the Use of the Department of Agriculture
Executive Brief • At a Glance
⏱️ 3 min read (524 words) •
● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate
Executive Order No. 6910 of November 26, 1934, as amended, temporarily withdrawing certain lands for classification and other purposes, is hereby revoked in so far as it affects any public lands within the following- described area in Wyoming: SIXTH PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN SITE I T. 37 N., R. 67 W., Secs. 4 to 9, 16 to 21, and 28 to 33, inclusive.
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight
Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants Private Citizens & Property Owners
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on May 13, 1937, this order concerns Withdrawal of Public Lands For the Use of the Department of Agriculture. Executive Order No. 6910 of November 26, 1934, as amended, temporarily withdrawing certain lands for classification and other purposes, is hereby revoked in so far as it affects any public lands within the following- described area in Wyoming: SIXTH PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN SITE I T. 37 N., R. 67 W., Secs. 4 to 9, 16 to 21, and 28 to 33, inclusive. T. 38 N., R. 67 W., Secs. 4 to 9, 16 to 21, and 28 to 33, inclusive.
Constitutional Assessment: This action represents an orderly exercise of Article II administrative discretion, managing the internal machinery and personnel of the executive branch without abridging the ancient liberties of the people.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
▪
Executive Order No. 6910 of November 26, 1934, as amended, temporarily withdrawing certain lands for classification and other purposes, is hereby revoked in so far as it affects any public lands within the following- described area in Wyoming: SIXTH PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN SITE I T. 37 N., R. 67 W., Secs. 4 to 9, 16 to 21, and 28 to 33, inclusive.
▪
Subject to the conditions expressed in the above-mentioned acts and to all valid existing rights, all vacant, unappropriated, and unreserved public lands within the above-described area are hereby temporarily withdrawn from settlement, location, sale, or entry, and reserved and set apart for use and development by the Department of Agriculture for soil erosion control and other land utilization activities in connection with the Thunder Basin Project, LA-WY 1: Provided , that nothing herein contained shall restrict prospecting, locating, developing, mining, entering, leasing, or patenting the mineral resources of the lands under the applicable laws.
▪
This order shall be applicable to all lands within the area described in section 1 hereof upon the cancellation, termination, or release of prior entries, selections, rights, appropriations, or claims, or upon the revocation of prior withdrawals, unless expressly otherwise provided in the order of revocation.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
🏛️ Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants
🏛️ Private Citizens & Property Owners
Policy Areas & Topics
🏛️
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight)
§
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
JM
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Madisonian Stance: Vigilant / Cautionary
AH
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the government; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad government." — Federalist No. 70 (1788)
Hamilton would view this directive as the natural and indispensable functioning of administrative leadership. Without the power to coordinate agencies, manage personnel, and resolve operational ambiguities, the modern presidency would be reduced to an impotent figurehead.
Hamiltonian Stance: Defends Vigor & Dispatch
GM
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
📐
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
26 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8
Low Friction
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Operates within delegated statutory execution without modifying legislative appropriations or taxing powers.
Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3
Low Friction
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment
Low Friction
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Confined strictly to internal federal jurisdiction, federal property, or direct military command.
Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments
Low Friction
Due Process & Individual Rights
Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.
Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers
Moderate Friction
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
Benchmark: Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
⚖️
Audit Synthesis
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
ℹ️
How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
524
2,591 characters
Estimated Read Time
3 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
7.4
Grade 7
Text size:
Related Executive Orders
1 order cited directly in this text, plus related actions from this administration.
EO 6910 Nov 26, 1934
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6910—Withdrawal of Public Lands for Conservation
📜 10th Amend: Intergovernmental Federalism Cooperation
All of the vacant, unreserved and unappropriated public land in the States of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming be, and it hereby is, temporarily withdrawn from settlement, location, sale or…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Post-Graduate Legal • 2m
EO 7617 May 13, 1937
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 7617—Increasing the Amounts Available for Public Projects Under Clauses (F), (G), and (H) of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1936
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
That the amount specified in clause (f) of the second paragraph of the said Act, to be used for assistance for educational, professional and clerical persons, be, and it is hereby, increased by $7,101,000, (2) that the amount specified in clause (g) of said paragraph, to be…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Post-Graduate Legal • 1m
EO 7615 May 13, 1937
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 7615—Revocation of Executive Order No. 6258 of August 22, 1933, Withdrawing Public Lands
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
By virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me by the act of June 25, 1910, ch. 421,36 Stat. 847, as amended by the act of August 24, 1912, ch. 369, 37 Stat. 497, Executive Order No. 6258 of August 22, 1933, withdrawing public lands in T. 16 S., R. 8 W., New Mexico…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Grade 7 • 1m
EO 7614 May 11, 1937
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 7614—Excluding Certain Tracts of Land from Tongass National Forest and Restoring Them to Entry
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
The following-described tracts of land in Alaska, occupied as homesites and identified by elimination surveys, plats and field notes of which are on file in the General Land Office, Washington, D.C., be, and they are hereby, excluded from the Tongass National Forest and…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Grade 8 • 1m
EO 7618 May 18, 1937
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 7618—Abolishing Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts, as a Customs Port of Entry
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts, be, and it is hereby, abolished as a customs port of entry in Customs Collection District No. 4 (Massachusetts), as a customs port of entry, effective immediately.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Grade 7 • 1m
EO 7619 May 20, 1937
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 7619—Authorizing the Appointment of J. V. Taylor to the Position of Senior Soil Conservationist in the Soil Conservation Service, Department of Agriculture, Without Regard to the Civil Service Rules
📜 Art. II §3: Administrative Management & Civil Service
Taylor may be appointed to a position as Senior Soil Conservationist in the Soil Conservation Service, Department of Agriculture, without compliance with the requirements of the civil service rules and without being accorded a classified status.
Franklin D. Roosevelt High School • 1m
📜
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 7616 (May 13, 1937), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-7616-withdrawal-public-lands-for-the-use-the-department-agriculture.
