ALASKA By virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me by the act of June 4, 1897, 30 Stat. 11, 36 (U.S.C., title 16, sec. 473), and upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Agriculture, it is ordered that the following-described tracts of land in Alaska, occupied as homesites and identified by elimination surveys, plats and field notes of which are on file in the General Land Office, Washington, D.C., be, and they are hereby, excluded from the Chugach or Tongass National Forest, as hereinafter indicated, and restored to entry under the applicable public-land laws: CHUGACH NATIONAL FOREST Homesite No. 7, on Big Point on south shore of Orca Inlet, 4.86 acres; approximate latitude 60°29'15" N., longitude 145°55'30" W.; Homesite No. 21, on east shore Orca Inlet, 4.64 acres; approximate latitude 60°28'30" N., longitude 145°55'30" W.; Homesite No. 33, near Mile 27 on the west side of The Alaska Railroad, 4.40 acres; approximate latitude 60°27'10" N., longitude 149°22'8 " W.; Homesite No. 34, lot 'C', Moose Pass Group, on Moose Pass Highway, 4.92 acres; approximate latitude 60°29'20" N., longitude 149°21' W.; TONGASS NATIONAL FOREST Homesite No. 11, at mouth of Harding River, 5 acres; approximate latitude 56°12'45" N., longitude 131°38'25" W.; Homesite No. 72, lot 'D', Auke Bay Group, 2.85 acres, U.S. Survey 2389; Homesite No. 107, tract 'K', Mile Seven Group, 4.44 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2475 (not accepted); Homesite No. 175, on Kupreanof Island, on west shore of Petersburg Creek, 5 acres in lot 6, sec. 29, T. 58 S., R. 79 E., C. R. M.; Homesite No. 203, lot 'K', Scow Bay Group, Mitkof Island, 4.99 acres; approximate latitude 56°45'31" N., longitude 132°54'15" W.; Homesite No. 225, tract 'J', Wrangell Group, Wrangell Island, 3.60 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2321; Homesite No. 249, lot 'B', 7 1/2 Mile Group, 3.86 acres; approximate latitude 58°21'27" N., longitude 134°33'18" W.; Homesite No. 327, tract 'N', Wrangell Group, 3.61 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2321; Homesite No. 333, on south shore of Boathouse Cove, Revillagigedo Island, 4.80 acres; approximate latitude 55°16'50" N., longitude 131°27 '50" W.; Homesite No. 375, lot 'A', Triangle Group, 4.86 acres; U.S. Survey 2391; Homesite No. 396, Boathouse Cove Group, Revillagigedo Island, 2.68 acres; approximate latitude 55°16'50" N., longitude 131°27'50" W.; Homesite No. 402, lot 'C', Tee Harbor Group, 4.74 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2388; Homesite No. 409, tract 'H', Triangle Group, 2.66 acres, approximate latitude 58°22'50" N., longitude 134°38'10" W.; Homesite No. 425, tract 'G', Triangle Group, 4.64 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2391; Homesite No. 427, tract 31, Mt. Point Group, Revillagigedo Island, 1.63 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2402; Homesite No. 445, lot 'E', Pederson Hill Group, 4.51 acres; approximate latitude 58°22'38" N., longitude 134°36'34" W.; Homesite No. 471, lot 'D', East Craig Group, Prince of Wales Island, 4.99 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2327; Homesite No. 478, tract 'B', East Craig Group, 4.41 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2327; Homesite No. 480, Clover Pass Group, 3.47 acres; approximate latitude 55°28'45" N., longitude 131°48'30" W.; Homesite No. 483, lot 'C', Triangle Group, 3.07 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2391; Homesite No. 504, lot 'F', Tee Harbor Group, 1.40 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2388; Homesite No. 520, tract 'C', North Douglas Group, Douglas Island, 5 acres; approximate latitude 58°20'12" N., longitude 134°35'8" W.; Homesite No. 532, tract 'W', Triangle Group, 3.20 acres; approximate latitude 58°23' N., longitude 134°38' W.; Homesite No. 533, lot 'H', tract 'B', Fritz Cove Group, 3.31 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2390; Homesite No. 539, on Fisherman's Harbor, Kosciusko Island, 0.86 acres; approximate latitude 55°57'45" N., longitude 133°47'46" W.; Homesite No. 543, on shore of Clover Pass, Revillagigedo Island, 4.74 acres; approximate latitude 55°28'45" N., longitude 131°48'30" W.; Homesite No. 551, lot 'V', Triangle Group, 3.14 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2391; Homesite No. 552, tract 'E', Fritz Cove Group, 2.61 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2390; Homesite No. 565, lot 'D', Clover Pass Group, 3.28 acres; approximate latitude 55°29' N., longitude 131°47' W.; Homesite No. 569, lot 'O', Clover Pass Group, 4.70 acres; approximate latitude 55°28'30" N., longitude 131°47'30" W.; Homesite No. 580, tract 'Q', Triangle Group, 3.67 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2391; Homesite No. 585, tract 'B', Pederson Hill Group, 4.64 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2386; Homesite No. 592, tract 'J', East Craig Group, 0.61 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2327; Homesite No. 599, lot 'DD', Triangle Group, 4.70 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2391; Homesite No. 611, Pearl Harbor Group, 1.59 acres; approximate latitude 58°28'30" N., longitude 134°47' W.; Homesite No. 614, lot 614, 3.91 acres, U.S. Survey No. 2471 (not accepted), Mitkof Island; Homesite No. 620, on west shore of Petersburg Creek, in lot 3, sec. 29, T. 58 S., R. 79 E., C. R. M., 4.26 acres; Homesite No. 649, lot 18, Fritz Cove Group, on east shore of Auke Bay, 0.27 acres; Homesite No. 687, lot 29, Mt. Point--Herring Bay Group, Revillagigedo Island, 1.17 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2402; Homesite No. 711, lot 61, Mt. Point--Herring Bay Group, 0.64 acres; U.S. Survey No. 2402; Homesite No. 714, Fritz Cove Group, 0.94 acres, approximate latitude 58°22'24" N., longitude 134°38'35" W. FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT The White House, August 8, 1940.
Executive Order 8506 ⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight Constitutional Neutral (+0.02)
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Executive Order 8506—Excluding Certain Tracts of Land From the Chugach and Tongass National Forests and Restoring Them to Entry
Executive Brief • At a Glance
⏱️ 4 min read (854 words) •
● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate
The following-described tracts of land in Alaska, occupied as homesites and identified by elimination surveys, plats and field notes of which are on file in the General Land Office, Washington, D.C., be, and they are hereby, excluded from the Chugach or Tongass National Forest, as hereinafter indicated, and restored to entry under the applicable public-land laws: CHUGACH NATIONAL FOREST Homesite No. 7, on Big Point on south shore of Orca Inlet, 4.86 acres; approximate latitude 60°29'15" N., longitude 145°55'30" W.; Homesite No. 21, on east shore Orca Inlet, 4.64 acres; approximate latitude 60°28'30" N., longitude 145°55'30" W.; Homesite No. 33, near Mile 27 on the west side of The Alaska Railroad, 4.40 acres; approximate latitude…
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight
Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Private Citizens & Property Owners
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 8, 1940, this order concerns Excluding Certain Tracts of Land From the Chugach and Tongass National Forests and Restoring Them to Entry. The following-described tracts of land in Alaska, occupied as homesites and identified by elimination surveys, plats and field notes of which are on file in the General Land Office, Washington, D.C., be, and they are hereby, excluded from the Chugach or Tongass National Forest, as hereinafter indicated, and restored to entry under the applicable public-land laws: CHUGACH NATIONAL FOREST Homesite No. 7, on Big Point…
Constitutional Assessment: This action represents an orderly exercise of Article II administrative discretion, managing the internal machinery and personnel of the executive branch without abridging the ancient liberties of the people.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
▪
The following-described tracts of land in Alaska, occupied as homesites and identified by elimination surveys, plats and field notes of which are on file in the General Land Office, Washington, D.C., be, and they are hereby, excluded from the Chugach or Tongass National Forest, as hereinafter indicated, and restored to entry under the applicable public-land laws: CHUGACH NATIONAL FOREST Homesite No. 7, on Big Point on south shore of Orca Inlet, 4.86 acres; approximate latitude 60°29'15" N., longitude 145°55'30" W.; Homesite No. 21, on east shore Orca Inlet, 4.64 acres; approximate latitude 60°28'30" N., longitude 145°55'30" W.; Homesite No. 33, near Mile 27 on the west side of The Alaska Railroad, 4.40 acres; approximate latitude…
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
🏛️ Private Citizens & Property Owners
Policy Areas & Topics
🏛️
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight)
§
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
JM
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Madisonian Stance: Vigilant / Cautionary
AH
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the government; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad government." — Federalist No. 70 (1788)
Hamilton would view this directive as the natural and indispensable functioning of administrative leadership. Without the power to coordinate agencies, manage personnel, and resolve operational ambiguities, the modern presidency would be reduced to an impotent figurehead.
Hamiltonian Stance: Defends Vigor & Dispatch
GM
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
📐
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
26 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8
Low Friction
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Operates within delegated statutory execution without modifying legislative appropriations or taxing powers.
Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3
Low Friction
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment
Low Friction
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Confined strictly to internal federal jurisdiction, federal property, or direct military command.
Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments
Low Friction
Due Process & Individual Rights
Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.
Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers
Moderate Friction
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
Benchmark: Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
⚖️
Audit Synthesis
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
ℹ️
How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
854
5,359 characters
Estimated Read Time
4 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
4.9
Grade 5
Text size:
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Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 8506 (Aug. 8, 1940), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-8506-excluding-certain-tracts-land-from-the-chugach-and-tongass-national.
