ALASKA By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, and by the act of June 4, 1897, 30 Stat. 11, 36 (U.S.C., title 16, sec. 473), it is ordered as follows: 1. Subject to valid existing rights, the public lands in the following-described areas are hereby withdrawn from all forms of appropriation under the public-land laws, including the mining laws, and reserved for the use of the War Department for military purposes: Tract No. 1 Beginning at corner No. 1, which is identical with corner No. 2, U. S. Survey No. 1763, Thence by metes and bounds: N. 64°55'50" E., 7108.20 ft. to corner No. 2, identical with corner No. 3, U. S. Survey No. 1763; S. 8°25' W., 3811.1 ft. to corner No. 3, identical with corner No. 3, U. S. Survey No. 226; S. 46°10' W., 1598.5 ft. to corner No. 4, identical with corner No. 1, U. S. Survey No. 226 and corner No. 7, U. 8. Survey No. 225; S. 10°30' E., 433.6 ft. to corner No. 5, identical with corner No. 8, U. S. Survey No. 225 and corner No. 6, U. S. Amended Survey No. 6½; S. 38°30' E., 739.9 ft. to corner No. 6, identical with corner No. 7, U. S. Amended Survey No. 6½; S. 25°30' E., 462 ft. to corner No. 7, identical with corner No. 8, U. S. Amended Survey No. 6½; S. 39°00' W., 498.3 ft. to corner No. 8, identical with corner No. 9, U. S. Amended Survey No. ½; S. 65°57' W., 1388 ft. to corner No. 9, identical with corner No. 10, U. S. Amended Survey No. 6½ on shore of Sitka Sound; Thence northwesterly with meanders of shore of Sitka Sound at mean high tide to corner No. 1, the place of beginning. The tract as described, Including both public and nonpubllc lands, aggregates 481.7 acres. Tract No. 2 Beginning at corner No. 1, which is identical with corner No. 1, U. S. Survey No. 1763, Thence by metes and bounds: N. 52°21' E., 7311.5 ft. to corner No. 2; S. 27°59'40" E., 14734.0 ft. to corner No. 3, identical with corner No. 3, U. S. Survey No. 1763; S. 64°55'50" W., 7108.20 ft. to corner No. 4, identical with corner No. 2, U. S. Survey No. 1763; Thence northwesterly with meanders of shore of Sitka Sound at mean high tide to corner No. 1, the place of beginning. The tract contains 2215.7 acres. 2. Proclamation No. 1742 of June 10, 1925, adding certain lands to the Tongass National Forest, in Alaska, is hereby revoked so far as it affects any of the lands described above as Tract No. 2. FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT The White House, March 28, 1942.
Executive Order 9114 ⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight Constitutional Neutral (+0.02)
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority
Executive Order 9114—Withdrawing Public Lands for Use of the War Department for Military Purposes
Executive Brief • At a Glance
⏱️ 2 min read (460 words) •
● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate
Subject to valid existing rights, the public lands in the following-described areas are hereby withdrawn from all forms of appropriation under the public-land laws, including the mining laws, and reserved for the use of the War Department for military purposes: Tract No. 1 Beginning at corner No. 1, which is identical with corner No. 2, U. S. Survey No. 1763, Thence by metes and bounds: N. 64°55'50" E., 7108.20 ft. to corner No. 2, identical with corner No. 3, U. S. Survey No. 1763; S. 8°25' W., 3811.1 ft. to corner No. 3, identical with corner No. 3, U. S. Survey No. 226; S. 46°10' W., 1598.5 ft. to corner No. 4, identical with corner No. 1, U. S. Survey No. 226 and corner No. 7, U. 8.
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight
Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Armed Forces & Military Establishments Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants Private Citizens & Property Owners
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 28, 1942, this order concerns Withdrawing Public Lands for Use of the War Department for Military Purposes. Subject to valid existing rights, the public lands in the following-described areas are hereby withdrawn from all forms of appropriation under the public-land laws, including the mining laws, and reserved for the use of the War Department for military purposes: Tract No. 1 Beginning at corner No. 1, which is identical with corner No. 2, U. S. Survey No. 1763, Thence by metes and bounds: N. 64°55'50" E., 7108.20 ft.…
Constitutional Assessment: Scrutinized through Article II, Section 2, this action exercises the President's constitutional role as Commander in Chief. Early Framers recognized broad executive discretion in commanding military forces during conflict, provided it remains bounded by congressional declarations and respects civilian domestic courts.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
▪
Subject to valid existing rights, the public lands in the following-described areas are hereby withdrawn from all forms of appropriation under the public-land laws, including the mining laws, and reserved for the use of the War Department for military purposes: Tract No. 1 Beginning at corner No. 1, which is identical with corner No. 2, U. S. Survey No. 1763, Thence by metes and bounds: N. 64°55'50" E., 7108.20 ft. to corner No. 2, identical with corner No. 3, U. S. Survey No. 1763; S. 8°25' W., 3811.1 ft. to corner No. 3, identical with corner No. 3, U. S. Survey No. 226; S. 46°10' W., 1598.5 ft. to corner No. 4, identical with corner No. 1, U. S. Survey No. 226 and corner No. 7, U. 8.
▪
Survey No. 225; S. 10°30' E., 433.6 ft. to corner No. 5, identical with corner No. 8, U. S. Survey No. 225 and corner No. 6, U. S. Amended Survey No. 6½; S. 38°30' E., 739.9 ft. to corner No. 6, identical with corner No. 7, U. S. Amended Survey No. 6½; S. 25°30' E., 462 ft. to corner No. 7, identical with corner No. 8, U. S. Amended Survey No. 6½; S. 39°00' W., 498.3 ft. to corner No. 8, identical with corner No. 9, U. S. Amended Survey No. ½; S. 65°57' W., 1388 ft. to corner No. 9, identical with corner No. 10, U. S. Amended Survey No. 6½ on shore of Sitka Sound; Thence northwesterly with meanders of shore of Sitka Sound at mean high tide to corner No. 1, the place of beginning.
▪
Proclamation No. 1742 of June 10, 1925, adding certain lands to the Tongass National Forest, in Alaska, is hereby revoked so far as it affects any of the lands described above as Tract No. 2.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
🏛️ Armed Forces & Military Establishments
🏛️ Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants
🏛️ Private Citizens & Property Owners
Policy Areas & Topics
🏛️
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight)
§
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
JM
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Madisonian Stance: Vigilant / Cautionary
AH
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)
Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.
Hamiltonian Stance: Strong Prerogative Support
GM
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
📐
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
30 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8
Low Friction
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Operates within delegated statutory execution without modifying legislative appropriations or taxing powers.
Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3
Low Friction
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment
Moderate Friction
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments
Low Friction
Due Process & Individual Rights
Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.
Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers
Moderate Friction
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
Benchmark: Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
⚖️
Audit Synthesis
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
ℹ️
How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
460
2,430 characters
Estimated Read Time
2 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
5
Grade 5
Text size:
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EO 9115 Mar 28, 1942
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 9115—Withdrawing Public Lands for the Use of the Department of State
📜 10th Amend: Intergovernmental Federalism Cooperation
Subject to valid existing rights, the following-described lands be, and they are hereby, withdrawn from all forms of appropriation under the public-land laws, including the mining laws, and reserved for the use of the Department of State in connection with the Rio Grande…
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EO 9113 Mar 28, 1942
⚖️⚠️ Zone 3 (Lowest Ebb) Friction (-0.19)
Executive Order 9113—Transferring Certain Vessels and Personnel From the Coast and Geodetic Survey to the War and Navy Departments
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief / War Prerogative Tension
The following-named vessels are transferred from the Coast and Geodetic Survey to the service and jurisdiction of the Navy Department: OCEANOGRAPHER HYDROGRAPHER 2.
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EO 9116 Mar 30, 1942
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 9116—Extension of the Provisions of Executive Order No. 9001 of December 27, 1941, to Contracts of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, the Civil Aeronautics Administration, the National Housing Agency, the Veterans' Administration, and the Federal Communications Commission
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority
I hereby extend the provisions of Executive Order No. 9001 of December 27, 1941, to the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs in the Office for Emergency Management, the Civil Aeronautics Administration of the Department of Commerce, and the National Housing…
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EO 9112 Mar 26, 1942
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 9112—Authorizing Financing Contracts to Facilitate the Prosecution of the War
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority
Order as follows: (1) The War Department, Navy Department, and the Maritime Commission are hereby respectively authorized, without regard to the provisions of law relating to the making, performance, amendment, or modification of contracts, (a) to enter into contracts with any…
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EO 9117 Mar 31, 1942
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 9117—Prescribing Regulations Governing Overtime Compensation of Certain Employees of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority
I hereby prescribe the following regulations governing the payment of compensation for employment in excess of forty hours in any administrative workweek to per-annum field service employees of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics whose overtime services are…
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EO 9111 Mar 25, 1942
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 9111—Amendment of Section 3 of Executive Order No. 8802 of June 25, 1941, Establishing the Committee on Fair Employment Practice
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Section 3 of Executive Order No. 8802 of June 25, 1941, establishing the Committee on Fair Employment Practice, as amended by Executive Order No. 8823 of July 18, 1941, is hereby further amended to provide that the Committee shall consist of a chairman and six other members.
Franklin D. Roosevelt High School • 1m
📜
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 9114 (Mar. 28, 1942), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-9114-withdrawing-public-lands-for-use-the-war-department-for-military.
