By virtue of the authority vested in me by Title I of the First War Powers Act, 1941, approved December 18, 1941 (Public Law 354, 77th Congress), it is hereby ordered as follows: 1. Transfer of Functions . All functions, powers, and duties of the Farm Credit Administration and of the Governor thereof under the Federal Credit Union Act as amended, (Title 12 U.S.C., 1751-1771) are transferred to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. 2. Transfer of Records, Property, and Personnel . All records and property (including office equipment) and all personnel of the Farm Credit Administration used primarily in the administration of the functions transferred by this order are transferred to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation for use in the administration of the functions transferred by this order; but any personnel so transferred who are found by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to be in excess of the personnel necessary for the administration of such functions, powers, and duties shall be retransferred under existing law to other positions in the Government or separated from the service. 3. Transfer of Funds . So much of the unexpended balances of appropriations or other funds available (including those available for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1943) to the Farm Credit Administration in the exercise of the functions transferred by this order, as the Director of the Bureau of the Budget with the approval of the President shall determine, shall be transferred to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation for use in connection with the exercise of the functions so transferred. In determining the amount to be transferred the Director of the Bureau of the Budget may include an amount to provide for the liquidation of obligations incurred against such appropriations or other funds prior to the transfer. 4. Effective and Termination Dates . This order shall become effective as of May 16, 1942, and shall continue in force and effect until the termination of Title I of the First War Powers Act, 1941. FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT The White House, April 27, 1942.
Executive Order 9148 ⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight Constitutional Neutral (+0.02)
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority
Executive Order 9148—Transferring Credit Union Functions, Records, Property, and Personnel From the Farm Credit Administration to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Executive Brief • At a Glance
⏱️ 2 min read (339 words) •
● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate
All functions, powers, and duties of the Farm Credit Administration and of the Governor thereof under the Federal Credit Union Act as amended, (Title 12 U.S.C., 1751-1771) are transferred to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. 2.
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight
Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises Sovereign State Governments & Localities Private Citizens & Property Owners
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 27, 1942, this order concerns Transferring Credit Union Functions, Records, Property, and Personnel From the Farm Credit Administration to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Transfer of Functions . All functions, powers, and duties of the Farm Credit Administration and of the Governor thereof under the Federal Credit Union Act as amended, (Title 12 U.S.C., 1751-1771) are transferred to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. 2. Transfer of Records, Property, and Personnel .
Constitutional Assessment: Scrutinized through Article II, Section 2, this action exercises the President's constitutional role as Commander in Chief. Early Framers recognized broad executive discretion in commanding military forces during conflict, provided it remains bounded by congressional declarations and respects civilian domestic courts.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
▪
All functions, powers, and duties of the Farm Credit Administration and of the Governor thereof under the Federal Credit Union Act as amended, (Title 12 U.S.C., 1751-1771) are transferred to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. 2.
▪
Transfer of Records, Property, and Personnel .
▪
All records and property (including office equipment) and all personnel of the Farm Credit Administration used primarily in the administration of the functions transferred by this order are transferred to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation for use in the administration of the functions transferred by this order; but any personnel so transferred who are found by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to be in excess of the personnel necessary for the administration of such functions, powers, and duties shall be retransferred under existing law to other positions in the Government or separated from the service. 3.
▪
So much of the unexpended balances of appropriations or other funds available (including those available for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1943) to the Farm Credit Administration in the exercise of the functions transferred by this order, as the Director of the Bureau of the Budget with the approval of the President shall determine, shall be transferred to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation for use in connection with the exercise of the functions so transferred.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
🏛️ Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises
🏛️ Sovereign State Governments & Localities
🏛️ Private Citizens & Property Owners
Policy Areas & Topics
🏛️
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight)
§
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
JM
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Madisonian Stance: Vigilant / Cautionary
AH
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)
Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.
Hamiltonian Stance: Strong Prerogative Support
GM
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
📐
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
33 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8
Moderate Friction
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Administers commerce or fiscal programs requiring ongoing statutory delegation and legislative oversight.
Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3
Low Friction
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment
Low Friction
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Confined strictly to internal federal jurisdiction, federal property, or direct military command.
Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments
Low Friction
Due Process & Individual Rights
Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.
Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers
Moderate Friction
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
Benchmark: Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
⚖️
Audit Synthesis
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
ℹ️
How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
339
2,095 characters
Estimated Read Time
2 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
15.6
College Level
Text size:
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Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 9148 (Apr. 27, 1942), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-9148-transferring-credit-union-functions-records-property-and-personnel.
