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Executive Order 9157 ⚖️⚠️ Zone 3: Lowest Ebb Constitutional Friction / Overreach (-0.29) 📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief / War Prerogative Tension

Executive Order 9157—Regulations With Respect to the Making Available of Records, Schedules, Reports, Returns and Other Information by the Secretary of Commerce, and With Respect to the Use Thereof After the Same Have Been Made Available

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Saturday, May 9, 1942
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4 min read (750 words)

Executive Brief • At a Glance

⏱️ 4 min read (750 words) • ● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate

I hereby prescribe the following regulations: 1.

⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️⚠️ Zone 3: Lowest Ebb
Incompatible with Expressed Will of Congress or High Friction
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief / War Prerogative Tension
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants Private Citizens & Property Owners

Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis

Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.

Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on May 9, 1942, this order concerns Regulations With Respect to the Making Available of Records, Schedules, Reports, Returns and Other Information by the Secretary of Commerce, and With Respect to the Use Thereof After the Same Have Been Made Available. I hereby prescribe the following regulations: 1. Whenever any executive department or independent agency desires to have made available to it, pursuant to said section 1402, any record, schedule, report, or return, or any information or data contained therein, in the possession of the Department of Commerce, for use in connection with the conduct of the war, the head of such department or agency shall make a…

Constitutional Assessment: Scrutinized through Article II, Section 2, this action exercises the President's constitutional role as Commander in Chief. Early Framers recognized broad executive discretion in commanding military forces during conflict, provided it remains bounded by congressional declarations and respects civilian domestic courts.

Key Directives & Operative Actions

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I hereby prescribe the following regulations: 1.

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Whenever any executive department or independent agency desires to have made available to it, pursuant to said section 1402, any record, schedule, report, or return, or any information or data contained therein, in the possession of the Department of Commerce, for use in connection with the conduct of the war, the head of such department or agency shall make a written request of the Secretary of Commerce to have such document or information made available to it, which request shall include: (a) The name of the official who, or the bureau, division or section which is to utilize the information; (b) A description of the document or information desired to be made available; (c) The manner in which it is desired that the document or…

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If the information requested by the head of the department or agency is of a statistical character, a copy of the request shall be submitted to the Division of Statistical Standards of the Bureau of the Budget at the time the request is submitted to the Secretary of Commerce. 2.

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The Secretary of Commerce shall inform the Division of Statistical Standards of his action upon each request made, under section 1 of this order, if the information is of a statistical character. 3.

Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted

🏛️ Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants 🏛️ Private Citizens & Property Owners

Policy Areas & Topics

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The Framers' Constitutional Council

1787 Prism

Evaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.

⚖️⚠️ Zone 3 (Lowest Ebb)
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"When the President takes measures incompatible with the expressed or implied will of Congress, his power is at its lowest ebb."

— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Incompatible with Expressed Will of Congress or High Friction
JM

James Madison

Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy

"The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands... may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny." — Federalist No. 47 (1788)

Madison would express grave alarm over this order. By asserting independent authority in tension with legislative limits or the Bill of Rights, the Executive risks collapsing the separation of powers into unilateral rule. Under the Madisonian model, no emergency justifies the Executive substituting its decree for a deliberative Act of Congress.

Madisonian Stance: Strict Dissent (Overreach)
AH

Alexander Hamilton

The Energetic Executive & Unified Command

"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)

Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.

Hamiltonian Stance: Strong Prerogative Support
GM

George Mason

Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment

"The purse and the sword ought never to be in the same hands... nor the liberties of the citizen placed at the pleasure of a single magistrate." — Virginia Ratifying Convention (1788)

George Mason and the Anti-Federalists would sound a fierce warning. They feared that Article II would inevitably evolve into an elective monarchy. When an executive order impacts private rights, property, or civil liberties without individualized judicial process, Mason would see their darkest predictions verified.

Anti-Federalist Stance: Vehement Objection
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Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions

An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.

⚠️ Elevated Constitutional Friction
72 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8

Legislative Encroachment & Purse

High Friction

Touches upon core congressional prerogatives: raises appropriations reallocation, tariff imposition, or statutory preemption questions.

Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3

Executive Scope & Faithfulness

High Friction

Invokes broad unilateral or emergency executive authorities that test the constitutional boundary of the Take Care Clause.

Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment

Federalism & State Sovereignty

Moderate Friction

Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.

Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments

Due Process & Individual Rights

Moderate Friction

Applies regulatory or compliance standards to private contractors or commercial entities.

Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers

Youngstown Jacksonian Tier

High Friction

The order asserts independent Article II prerogative against statutory constraints, reallocates funds without explicit appropriation, or stretches executive power into realms constitutionally reserved to the legislature or judiciary.

Benchmark: Incompatible with Expressed Will of Congress or High Friction
⚖️ Audit Synthesis

This directive engages significant constitutional friction across statutory authorization, legislative prerogatives, or individual liberties.

Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
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How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
750
4,504 characters
Estimated Read Time
4 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
25.5
Post-Graduate Legal
Language Tone Score
-0.29
Constitutional Friction / Overreach
How is this scored?
Text size:

Official Archival Text

View Source Document

Whereas section 1402 of the Second War Powers Act, 1942, approved March 27, 1942, reads as follows: "SEC. 1402. That notwithstanding any other provision of law, any record, schedule, report, or return, or any information or data contained therein, now or hereafter in the possession of the Department of Commerce, or any bureau or division thereof, may be made available by the Secretary of Commerce to any branch or agency of the Government, the head of which shall have made written request therefor for use in connection with the conduct of the war. The President shall issue regulations with respect to the making available of any such record, schedule, report, return, information or data, and with respect to the use thereof after the same has been made available. No person shall disclose or make use of any individual record, schedule, report, or return, or any information or data contained therein contrary to the terms of such regulations; and any person knowingly and willfully violating this provision shall be guilty of a felony and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not exceeding $1,000, or be imprisoned not exceeding two years, or both." Now, Therefore , by virtue of the authority vested in me by the foregoing statutory provision, and in order to carry out the purposes thereof, I hereby prescribe the following regulations: 1. Whenever any executive department or independent agency desires to have made available to it, pursuant to said section 1402, any record, schedule, report, or return, or any information or data contained therein, in the possession of the Department of Commerce, for use in connection with the conduct of the war, the head of such department or agency shall make a written request of the Secretary of Commerce to have such document or information made available to it, which request shall include: (a) The name of the official who, or the bureau, division or section which is to utilize the information; (b) A description of the document or information desired to be made available; (c) The manner in which it is desired that the document or information shall be made available; whether by inspection or by being furnished with copies thereof; (d) The name of the representative of the official, bureau, division, or section who is to make the inspection, or to whom the information is to be furnished; (e) A statement that the document or information is to be used in connection with the conduct of the war and of the manner in which it is to be so used. If the information requested by the head of the department or agency is of a statistical character, a copy of the request shall be submitted to the Division of Statistical Standards of the Bureau of the Budget at the time the request is submitted to the Secretary of Commerce. 2. Upon the receipt of the request, the Secretary of Commerce may make available the document or information requested, either by furnishing the information, or by furnishing the original or a copy of the document, or by permitting personal inspection of the same, and the Secretary of Commerce may impose such conditions and restrictions on the use of such document or information as he may deem advisable so as to protect any confidential feature that may be imposed by law or regulation on such document or information, consistent with the purposes of said section 1402 of the Second War Powers Act, 1942, and these regulations. The Secretary of Commerce shall inform the Division of Statistical Standards of his action upon each request made, under section 1 of this order, if the information is of a statistical character. 3. The document or information that may be made available shall not be used for purposes, or disclosed to any person or agency, not covered by the request, or contrary to the conditions and restrictions imposed by the Secretary of Commerce. 4. Additional expenses incurred by the Department of Commerce in making available the documents or information requested shall be borne by the requesting agency. 5. The term "person", as used in these regulations, shall include any individual, partnership, association, business trust, corporation, or any organized group of persons, whether incorporated or not. 6. These regulations shall not be applicable to or restrict the furnishing by the Department of Commerce of information to other agencies of the Government or to the general public, which is not made confidential by statute or regulation. FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT The White House, May 9, 1942.

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Scholarly & Legal Citations

Exec. Order No. 9157 (May 9, 1942), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-9157-regulations-with-respect-the-making-available-records-schedules.