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Executive Order 9362 ⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight Constitutional Neutral (+0.02) 📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority

Executive Order 9362—Transferring Certain Land From the Jurisdiction of the Federal Communications Commission to the Jurisdiction of the Navy Department

Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt
•
Wednesday, July 21, 1943
•
4 min read (768 words)

Executive Brief • At a Glance

⏱️ 4 min read (768 words) • ● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate

The following-described tract of land, together with all buildings thereon, located in the District of Wahiawa, Island of Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, now under the control and jurisdiction of the Federal Communications Commission, be, and it is hereby, transferred to the jurisdiction and control of the Navy Department for use as a naval radio station site or for other naval purposes: Land located in Grant 973, District of Wahiawa, Island of Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, beginning at a pipe marking the Northwesterly corner of that portion of Grant 973 acquired by the United States of America for Naval Radio Station Site and being the end of Course No. 1 of said site, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey…

View all 1 directives ↓
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight
Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority
Framers' constitutional debate ↓
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Armed Forces & Military Establishments Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants
Inspect unabridged text ↓

Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis

Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.

Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on July 21, 1943, this order concerns Transferring Certain Land From the Jurisdiction of the Federal Communications Commission to the Jurisdiction of the Navy Department. The following-described tract of land, together with all buildings thereon, located in the District of Wahiawa, Island of Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, now under the control and jurisdiction of the Federal Communications Commission, be, and it is hereby, transferred to the jurisdiction and control of the Navy Department for use as a naval radio station site or for other naval purposes: Land located in Grant 973…

Constitutional Assessment: Scrutinized through Article II, Section 2, this action exercises the President's constitutional role as Commander in Chief. Early Framers recognized broad executive discretion in commanding military forces during conflict, provided it remains bounded by congressional declarations and respects civilian domestic courts.

Key Directives & Operative Actions

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The following-described tract of land, together with all buildings thereon, located in the District of Wahiawa, Island of Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, now under the control and jurisdiction of the Federal Communications Commission, be, and it is hereby, transferred to the jurisdiction and control of the Navy Department for use as a naval radio station site or for other naval purposes: Land located in Grant 973, District of Wahiawa, Island of Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, beginning at a pipe marking the Northwesterly corner of that portion of Grant 973 acquired by the United States of America for Naval Radio Station Site and being the end of Course No. 1 of said site, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey…

Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted

🏛️ Armed Forces & Military Establishments 🏛️ Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants

Policy Areas & Topics

🏷️ National Security & Defense
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The Framers' Constitutional Council

1787 Prism

Evaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.

⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight)
§

"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."

— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
JM

James Madison

Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy

"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)

Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.

Madisonian Stance: Vigilant / Cautionary
AH

Alexander Hamilton

The Energetic Executive & Unified Command

"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)

Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.

Hamiltonian Stance: Strong Prerogative Support
GM

George Mason

Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment

"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)

The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.

Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
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Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions

An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.

⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
38 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8

Legislative Encroachment & Purse

Moderate Friction

Administers commerce or fiscal programs requiring ongoing statutory delegation and legislative oversight.

Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3

Executive Scope & Faithfulness

Low Friction

Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.

Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment

Federalism & State Sovereignty

Moderate Friction

Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.

Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments

Due Process & Individual Rights

Low Friction

Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.

Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers

Youngstown Jacksonian Tier

Moderate Friction

The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.

Benchmark: Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
⚖️ Audit Synthesis

This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.

Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
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How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
768
4,150 characters
Estimated Read Time
4 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
5.6
Grade 6
Language Tone Score
+0.02
Constitutional Neutral
How is this scored?
Text size:

Official Archival Text

View Source Document

Whereas a certain tract of land of the United States located in the District of Wahiawa, Island of Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, and more particularly described below, is now subject to the jurisdiction and control of the Federal Communications Commission; and Whereas the Federal Communications Commission and the Navy Department have agreed that the said tract of land should be transferred to the Navy Department as a site for a naval radio station or for other naval purposes: Now, Therefore , by virtue of the authority vested in me by the act of August 29, 1916, ch. 417, 39 Stat. 556, 606 (U.S.C., title 34, sec. 523), and as President of the United States, it is ordered that the following-described tract of land, together with all buildings thereon, located in the District of Wahiawa, Island of Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, now under the control and jurisdiction of the Federal Communications Commission, be, and it is hereby, transferred to the jurisdiction and control of the Navy Department for use as a naval radio station site or for other naval purposes: Land located in Grant 973, District of Wahiawa, Island of Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, beginning at a pipe marking the Northwesterly corner of that portion of Grant 973 acquired by the United States of America for Naval Radio Station Site and being the end of Course No. 1 of said site, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "Maili" being 474.44 feet North and 30,020.15 feet East, and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true South: 1. 358°50'30" 1,299.0 feet along the West side of the Naval Radio Station Site to a stake; 2. 53°55' 83.10 feet along the North top edge of a small gulch and the remainder of Grant 973, to a stake; 3. 17°105' 63.8 feet along same to a pipe; 4. 46°55' 44.20 feet along same to a pipe; 5. 143°54' 62.3 feet along same to a pipe; 6. 104°48' 61.5 feet along same to a stake; 7. 77°16' 92.2 feet along same to a pipe; 8. 196°14' 152.2 feet along same to a stake; 9. 185°31' 88.5 feet along same to a pipe; 10. 181°31' 195.3 feet along same to a pipe; 11. 192°05' 186.10 feet along same to a pipe; 12. 216°10' 114.10 feet along same to a pipe; 13. 242°49' 108.0 feet along same to a pipe; 14. 175°45' 82.9 feet along same to a pipe; 15. 132°01' 33.9 feet along same to a pipe; 16. 59°05' 294.8 feet along same, crossing a plantation road, to a stake; 17. 24°05' 95.9 feet along the North top edge of a small gulch, along the remainder of Grant 973 to a stake; 18. 16°49' 133.0 feet along same to a stake; 19. 10°21' 314.4 feet along same to a stake; 20. 62°32' 93.9 feet along same to a pipe; 21. 92°05' 138.4 feet along same to a stake; 22. 85°59' 116.7 feet along same to a stake; 23. 120°15' 56.4 feet along same to a stake; 24. 173°48' 122.9 feet along same to a stake; 25. 136°32' 84.2 feet along same to a stake; 26. 111°56' 149.4 feet along same to a pipe; 27. 187°52' 242.5 feet long same to a stake; 28. 202°00' 110.10 feet along same to a stake; 29. 173°02' 75.5 feet along same to a pipe; 30. 182°25'30"' 757.67 feet along the remainder of Grant 973, crossing a plantation road, to a pipe; 31. 227°32' 200.0 feet along the Easterly side of plantation road and the remainder of Grant 973, to a pipe; 32. 214°19' 71.9 feet along same to a stake; 33. 171°38' 57.3 feet along same to a stake; 34. 129°03' 77.2 feet along same to a pipe; 35. 219°01' 53.5 feet along the South top edge of Poamoho Gulch and the remainder of Grant 973, to a stake; 36. 276°34' 52.5 feet along same to a stake; 37. 348°27' 92.5 feet along same to a stake; 38. 306°39' 92.3 feet along same to a stake; 39. 347°48' 108.3 feet along same to a stake; 40. 317°17' 231.2 feet along same to a stake; 41. 259°15' 106.4 feet along same to a stake; 42. 293°15' 83.8 feet along same to a stake; 43. 235°04' 99.7 feet along same to a pipe; 44. 298°02' 111.3 feet along same to a stake; 45. 312°45' 132.9 feet along same to the point of beginning, containing an area of 29.88 acres, together with any rights of easement with respect to the use of such tract of land. FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT The White House, July 21, 1943.

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Scholarly & Legal Citations 

Exec. Order No. 9362 (July 21, 1943), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-9362-transferring-certain-land-from-the-jurisdiction-the-federal.