★
Executive Orders Historical Archive
🎲
Cite
Executive Order 11025 ⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight Constitutional Neutral (+0.02) 📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations

Executive Order 11025—Creating a Board of Inquiry to Report on a Labor Dispute Affecting the Aircraft Industry of the United States

John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy
•
Thursday, June 7, 1962
•
1 min read (212 words)

Executive Brief • At a Glance

⏱️ 1 min read (212 words) • ● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate

I hereby create a Board of Inquiry, consisting of Honorable Lloyd K. Garrison, Chairman, Honorable James C. Hill, and Honorable Arthur Stark as members to inquire into the issues involved in such dispute.

View all 4 directives ↓
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight
Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Framers' constitutional debate ↓
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises Foreign Nations & International Entities
Inspect unabridged text ↓

Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis

Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.

Signed by President John F. Kennedy on June 7, 1962, this order concerns Creating a Board of Inquiry to Report on a Labor Dispute Affecting the Aircraft Industry of the United States. I hereby create a Board of Inquiry, consisting of Honorable Lloyd K. Garrison, Chairman, Honorable James C. Hill, and Honorable Arthur Stark as members to inquire into the issues involved in such dispute. The Board shall have powers and duties as set forth in Title II of such Act. The Board shall report to the President in accordance with the provisions of Section 206 of such Act on or before June 14, 1962.

Constitutional Assessment: This action represents an orderly exercise of Article II administrative discretion, managing the internal machinery and personnel of the executive branch without abridging the ancient liberties of the people.

Key Directives & Operative Actions

▪

I hereby create a Board of Inquiry, consisting of Honorable Lloyd K. Garrison, Chairman, Honorable James C. Hill, and Honorable Arthur Stark as members to inquire into the issues involved in such dispute.

▪

The Board shall have powers and duties as set forth in Title II of such Act.

▪

The Board shall report to the President in accordance with the provisions of Section 206 of such Act on or before June 14, 1962.

▪

Upon submission of its report, the Board shall continue in existence to perform such other functions as may be required under such Act.

Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted

🏛️ Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises 🏛️ Foreign Nations & International Entities

Policy Areas & Topics

🏷️ Labor & Employment 🏷️ Infrastructure & Transportation
🏛️

The Framers' Constitutional Council

1787 Prism

Evaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.

⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight)
§

"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."

— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
JM

James Madison

Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy

"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)

Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.

Madisonian Stance: Vigilant / Cautionary
AH

Alexander Hamilton

The Energetic Executive & Unified Command

"A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the government; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad government." — Federalist No. 70 (1788)

Hamilton would view this directive as the natural and indispensable functioning of administrative leadership. Without the power to coordinate agencies, manage personnel, and resolve operational ambiguities, the modern presidency would be reduced to an impotent figurehead.

Hamiltonian Stance: Defends Vigor & Dispatch
GM

George Mason

Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment

"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)

The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.

Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
📐

Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions

An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.

⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
34 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8

Legislative Encroachment & Purse

Low Friction

Operates within delegated statutory execution without modifying legislative appropriations or taxing powers.

Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3

Executive Scope & Faithfulness

Low Friction

Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.

Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment

Federalism & State Sovereignty

Moderate Friction

Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.

Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments

Due Process & Individual Rights

Moderate Friction

Applies regulatory or compliance standards to private contractors or commercial entities.

Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers

Youngstown Jacksonian Tier

Moderate Friction

The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.

Benchmark: Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
⚖️ Audit Synthesis

This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.

Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
ℹ️
How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
212
1,290 characters
Estimated Read Time
1 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
12.7
High School
Language Tone Score
+0.02
Constitutional Neutral
How is this scored?
Text size:

Official Archival Text

View Source Document

WHEREAS, there exists a labor dispute between Republic Aviation Corporation, Farmingdale, Long Island, New York, and certain of its employees represented by Republic Lodge 1987, International Association of Machinists, AFL-CIO; and WHEREAS, such dispute has resulted in a strike which, in my opinion, affects a substantial part of the aircraft industry, an industry engaged in trade, commerce, and transportation among the several States and with foreign nations, and which strike will, if permitted to continue, imperil the national health and safety: NOW THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in me by Section 206 of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947, 61 Stat. 155 (29 U.S.C. 176), I hereby create a Board of Inquiry, consisting of Honorable Lloyd K. Garrison, Chairman, Honorable James C. Hill, and Honorable Arthur Stark as members to inquire into the issues involved in such dispute. The Board shall have powers and duties as set forth in Title II of such Act. The Board shall report to the President in accordance with the provisions of Section 206 of such Act on or before June 14, 1962. Upon submission of its report, the Board shall continue in existence to perform such other functions as may be required under such Act. JOHN F. KENNEDY

THE WHITE HOUSE, #signature

June 7, 1962

🔗

Referenced By Later Executive Orders (3)

Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.

Amends Executive Order 12553—Revocation of Various Executive Orders
Ronald Reagan • 1986-02-25
Amends Executive Order 11029—Amendment of Executive Order No. 11025, Creating a Board of Inquiry to Report on a Labor Dispute Affecting the Aircraft Industry of the United States
John F. Kennedy • 1962-06-13
Amends Executive Order 11026—Amendment of Executive Order No. 11025, Creating a Board of Inquiry to Report on a Labor Dispute Affecting the Aircraft Industry of the United States
John F. Kennedy • 1962-06-08
📜

Scholarly & Legal Citations 

Exec. Order No. 11,025 (June 7, 1962), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-11025-creating-board-inquiry-report-labor-dispute-affecting-the-aircraft.