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Executive Orders Historical Archive
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Executive Order 11422 🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority Constitutional Fidelity (+0.57) 📜 10th Amend: Intergovernmental Federalism Cooperation

Executive Order 11422—Cooperative Area Manpower Planning System

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Thursday, August 15, 1968
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3 min read (516 words)

Executive Brief • At a Glance

⏱️ 3 min read (516 words) • ● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate

Cooperative planning and execution of manpower training and supportive manpower service programs is hereby established as the policy of the Federal Government.

⚖️ Constitutional Footing
🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority
Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
📜 10th Amend: Intergovernmental Federalism Cooperation
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Sovereign State Governments & Localities Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants Public Health & Medical Institutions

Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis

Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.

Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on August 15, 1968, this order concerns Cooperative Area Manpower Planning System. Policy. (a) Cooperative planning and execution of manpower training and supportive manpower service programs is hereby established as the policy of the Federal Government. (b) Each Federal executive department or agency administering manpower training or supportive manpower, service programs shall, to, the extent consistent with law, carry out its programs and exercise its functions so as to further the policy…

Constitutional Assessment: Reviewed under the Tenth Amendment and the principle of dual federalism, this order touches upon domains traditionally reserved to the sovereign States. The Framers would caution against any attempt to commandeer state officers or displace local police powers through federal executive fiat.

Key Directives & Operative Actions

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Cooperative planning and execution of manpower training and supportive manpower service programs is hereby established as the policy of the Federal Government.

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Each Federal executive department or agency administering manpower training or supportive manpower, service programs shall, to, the extent consistent with law, carry out its programs and exercise its functions so as to further the policy herein enunciated.

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The Cooperative Area Manpower Planning System (hereinafter referred to as CAMPS) is hereby recognized as a primary instrument for carrying out the policy stated in section 1 above.

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The Departments of Labor; Health, Education, and Welfare; Commerce; Housing and Urban Development; Agriculture; and the Interior; the Office of Economic Opportunity; and the Civil Service Commission, together with their affiliated organizations and such additional Federal executive departments and agencies as may be mutually agreed upon by them, shall participate in CAMPS for the purposes of cooperatively planning and executing manpower programs and supportive manpower service programs in urban and rural areas.

Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted

🏛️ Sovereign State Governments & Localities 🏛️ Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants 🏛️ Public Health & Medical Institutions
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The Framers' Constitutional Council

1787 Prism

Evaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.

🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority)
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"When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization of Congress, his authority is at its maximum, for it includes all that he possesses in his own right plus all that Congress can delegate."

— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
JM

James Madison

Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy

"The constitutional magistracy was designed not to invent policy, but to be the faithful instrument of the laws passed by the people's representatives." — Speech in the First Congress (1789)

Madison would approve the structural posture of this order. The President acts strictly in subordination to statutory authority granted under Article II, Section 3 ("take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"). The checks and balances hold firm because the policy origin remains with the legislature.

Madisonian Stance: Concurring (Statutory)
AH

Alexander Hamilton

The Energetic Executive & Unified Command

"A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the government; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad government." — Federalist No. 70 (1788)

Hamilton would view this directive as the natural and indispensable functioning of administrative leadership. Without the power to coordinate agencies, manage personnel, and resolve operational ambiguities, the modern presidency would be reduced to an impotent figurehead.

Hamiltonian Stance: Supportive of Execution
GM

George Mason

Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment

"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." — 10th Amendment to the US Constitution (1791)

Mason would scrutinize whether this federal directive intrudes into police powers, land stewardship, or municipal domains historically reserved to local citizens. The Anti-Federalist demand is that federal administration must never supplant state self-governance.

Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
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Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions

An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.

⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
36 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8

Legislative Encroachment & Purse

Moderate Friction

Administers commerce or fiscal programs requiring ongoing statutory delegation and legislative oversight.

Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3

Executive Scope & Faithfulness

Moderate Friction

Directs internal executive branch machinery, agency workflows, and federal personnel.

Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment

Federalism & State Sovereignty

Moderate Friction

Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.

Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments

Due Process & Individual Rights

Low Friction

Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.

Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers

Youngstown Jacksonian Tier

Low Friction

The President operates strictly as the constitutional Chief Executive, carrying out policy established by Congress with strong statutory backing.

Benchmark: Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
⚖️ Audit Synthesis

This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.

Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
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How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
516
3,502 characters
Estimated Read Time
3 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
22.3
Post-Graduate Legal
Language Tone Score
+0.57
Constitutional Fidelity
How is this scored?
Text size:

Official Archival Text

View Source Document

WHEREAS Federal legislation enacted in recent years has established numerous manpower programs to improve the employability of disadvantaged, unemployed, and underemployed persons; and WHEREAS administration of these manpower and related service programs requires extensive participation of State and local governments and nongovernment agencies; and WHEREAS experience has demonstrated that close coordination of the operating programs at the local, State, and Federal levels is essential to their successful, effective, and economical implementation: Now, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in me by section 637 of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2979), and as President of the United States, it is ordered as follows: SECTION 1. Policy. (a) Cooperative planning and execution of manpower training and supportive manpower service programs is hereby established as the policy of the Federal Government. (b) Each Federal executive department or agency administering manpower training or supportive manpower, service programs shall, to, the extent consistent with law, carry out its programs and exercise its functions so as to further the policy herein enunciated. SEC. 2. The Cooperative Area Manpower Planning System. (a) The Cooperative Area Manpower Planning System (hereinafter referred to as CAMPS) is hereby recognized as a primary instrument for carrying out the policy stated in section 1 above. (b) The Departments of Labor; Health, Education, and Welfare; Commerce; Housing and Urban Development; Agriculture; and the Interior; the Office of Economic Opportunity; and the Civil Service Commission, together with their affiliated organizations and such additional Federal executive departments and agencies as may be mutually agreed upon by them, shall participate in CAMPS for the purposes of cooperatively planning and executing manpower programs and supportive manpower service programs in urban and rural areas. (c) Each department and agency included in CAMPS shall participate in manpower coordinating committees at the national and regional levels. The Secretary of Labor shall designate the chairmen of such committees. To the extent practical and necessary, each such department and agency shall also participate, either directly or through affiliated State, local, or nongovernmental organizations with which it maintains grant-in-aid or contractual relationships, in cooperative manpower planning at State and area levels. (d) To the extent consistent with law, each department or agency included in CAMPS shall carry out its responsibilities with respect to Federal assistance, State and local planning, and utilization of resources so as to further the purposes of this order. SEC. 3. Administrative services. In compliance with provisions of applicable law, and as necessary to effectuate the purposes of this order, the Department of Labor shall provide or arrange for administrative services and staff support for all CAMPS coordinating committees, and each Federal department or agency participating in CAMPS shall furnish such information and other assistance as may be necessary and available. SEC. 4. Construction. Nothing in this order shall be construed as subjecting any Federal department or agency or the head thereof, or any function vested by law in or assigned pursuant to law to any such department, agency, or head, to the authority of any other department, agency, or head. LYNDON B. JOHNSON The White House August 15, 1968

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Scholarly & Legal Citations

Exec. Order No. 11,422 (Aug. 15, 1968), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-11422-cooperative-area-manpower-planning-system.