By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and statutes of the United States, and as President of the United States, it is ordered as follows: SECTION 1. Establishment of the Committee. (a) There is hereby established the Cabinet Committee on Economic Policy (hereinafter referred to as "the Committee"). (b) The President shall preside over meetings of the Committee. The Vice President shall preside in the absence of the President. (c) The Committee shall be composed of the following: The Vice President Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of Agriculture Secretary of Commerce Secretary of Labor Director of the Bureau of the Budget Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers Counsellor to the President and such other heads of departments and agencies as the President may from time to time designate. SEC. 2. Functions of the Committee. The Committee shall advise and assist the President in the development and coordination of national economic programs and policies and shall perform such other duties as the President may from time to time prescribe. In addition to such duties, the Committee shall: (1) Assist the President in the formulation of the basic goals and objectives of national economic policy; (2) Develop recommendations for the basic strategy of national economic policy to serve as guides for decisions concerning specific economic programs and policies; (3) Promote the coordination of Federal economic programs; (4) Consult with individuals from academic, agricultural, business, consumer, labor and other groups to assure the consideration of a wide range of views about national economic policy; and (5) Recommend procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of Federal programs in contributing to our national economic objectives. SEC. 3. Administrative Arrangements. (a) The Chair-man of the Council of Economic Advisers will coordinate the work of the Committee. (b) In compliance with provisions of applicable law, and as necessary to effectuate the purposes of this order, (1) The White House Office shall provide or arrange for supporting clerical administrative and other staff services for the Committee and (2) each Federal department and agency which is represented on the Committee shall furnish the Committee such information and other assistance as may be available. SEC. 4. Construction. Nothing in this order shall be construed as subjecting any department, establishment, or other instrumentality of the executive branch of the Federal Government or the head thereof, or any function vested by law in or assigned pursuant to law to any such agency or head, to the authority of any other such agency or head or as abrogating, modifying, or restricting any such function in any manner. RICHARD NIXON The White House, January 24, 1969
Executive Order 11453 🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority Constitutional Fidelity (+0.33)
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
Executive Order 11453—Establishing the Cabinet Committee on Economic Policy
Executive Brief • At a Glance
⏱️ 2 min read (436 words) •
● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate
There is hereby established the Cabinet Committee on Economic Policy (hereinafter referred to as "the Committee").
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority
Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants Financial Institutions & Monetary Authorities
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Richard Nixon on January 24, 1969, this order concerns Establishing the Cabinet Committee on Economic Policy. Establishment of the Committee. (a) There is hereby established the Cabinet Committee on Economic Policy (hereinafter referred to as "the Committee"). (b) The President shall preside over meetings of the Committee. The Vice President shall preside in the absence of the President.
Constitutional Assessment: This action represents an orderly exercise of Article II administrative discretion, managing the internal machinery and personnel of the executive branch without abridging the ancient liberties of the people.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
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There is hereby established the Cabinet Committee on Economic Policy (hereinafter referred to as "the Committee").
▪
The President shall preside over meetings of the Committee.
▪
The Vice President shall preside in the absence of the President.
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The Committee shall be composed of the following: The Vice President Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of Agriculture Secretary of Commerce Secretary of Labor Director of the Bureau of the Budget Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers Counsellor to the President and such other heads of departments and agencies as the President may from time to time designate.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
🏛️ Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises
🏛️ Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants
🏛️ Financial Institutions & Monetary Authorities
Policy Areas & Topics
🏛️
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority)
§
"When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization of Congress, his authority is at its maximum, for it includes all that he possesses in his own right plus all that Congress can delegate."
— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
JM
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"The constitutional magistracy was designed not to invent policy, but to be the faithful instrument of the laws passed by the people's representatives." — Speech in the First Congress (1789)
Madison would approve the structural posture of this order. The President acts strictly in subordination to statutory authority granted under Article II, Section 3 ("take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"). The checks and balances hold firm because the policy origin remains with the legislature.
Madisonian Stance: Concurring (Statutory)
AH
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)
Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.
Hamiltonian Stance: Supportive of Execution
GM
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
📐
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
🛡️ High Constitutional Concordance
27 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8
Low Friction
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Operates within delegated statutory execution without modifying legislative appropriations or taxing powers.
Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3
Low Friction
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment
Moderate Friction
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments
Moderate Friction
Due Process & Individual Rights
Applies regulatory or compliance standards to private contractors or commercial entities.
Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers
Low Friction
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The President operates strictly as the constitutional Chief Executive, carrying out policy established by Congress with strong statutory backing.
Benchmark: Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
⚖️
Audit Synthesis
This order operates in close harmony with statutory authority and standard Article II supervisory execution.
Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
ℹ️
How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
436
2,794 characters
Estimated Read Time
2 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
19.6
Post-Graduate Legal
Text size:
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Referenced By Later Executive Orders (1)
Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.
Richard Nixon • 1973-01-25
Related Executive Orders
Other executive actions signed by Richard Nixon around this period.
EO 11452 Jan 23, 1969
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Fidelity (+0.33)
Executive Order 11452—Establishing the Council for Urban Affairs
📜 10th Amend: Intergovernmental Federalism Cooperation
Establishment of the Council. (a) There is hereby established the Council for Urban Affairs (hereinafter referred to as "the Council"). (b) The President of the United States shall preside over meetings of the Council.
Richard Nixon College Level • 3m
EO 11454 Feb 7, 1969
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11454—Inspection of Income, Excess-Profits, Estate, and Gift Tax Returns by the Senate Committee on Government Operations
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
Any income, excess-profits, estate, or gift tax return for the years 1948 to 1969, inclusive, shall, during the Ninety-first Congress, be open to inspection by the Senate Committee on Government Operations or any duly authorized subcommittee thereof, in connection with its…
Richard Nixon High School • 1m
EO 11456 Feb 14, 1969
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11456—Providing For a Special Assistant to the President for Liaison With Former Presidents
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority
There shall be in the White House Office a Special Assistant to the President for Liaison with Former Presidents (referred to hereinafter as the Special Assistant). SEC. 2.
Richard Nixon Post-Graduate Legal • 3m
EO 11455 Feb 14, 1969
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Fidelity (+0.33)
Executive Order 11455—Establishing an Office of Intergovernmental Relations
📜 10th Amend: Intergovernmental Federalism Cooperation
Establishment of the Office. (a) There is hereby established the Office of Intergovernmental Relations (hereinafter referred to as "the Office"). The Office shall be under the immediate supervision of the Vice President of the United States.
Richard Nixon Post-Graduate Legal • 3m
EO 11457 Mar 4, 1969
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11457—Inspection of Income, Excess-Profits, Estate, and Gift Tax Returns by the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
Any income, excess-profits, estate, or gift tax return for the years 1947 to 1970, inclusive, shall, during the Ninety-first Congress, be open to inspection by the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, or any duly authorized subcommittee thereof, in…
Richard Nixon High School • 1m
EO 11458 Mar 5, 1969
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Fidelity (+0.64)
Executive Order 11458—Prescribing Arrangements for Developing and Coordinating a National Program For Minority Business Enterprise
📜 10th Amend: Intergovernmental Federalism Cooperation
Functions of the Secretary of Commerce. (a) The Secretary of Commerce (hereinafter referred to as "the Secretary") shall (1) Coordinate as consistent with law the plans, programs, and operations of the Federal Government which affect or may contribute to the establishment…
Richard Nixon Post-Graduate Legal • 4m
📜
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 11,453 (Jan. 24, 1969), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-11453-establishing-the-cabinet-committee-economic-policy.
