Whereas , the Export-Import Bank of Washington has been organized pursuant to Executive Order No. 6581, dated February 2, 1934; and Whereas , by the terms of said order it was provided that the governing body of said corporation should consist of a board of trustees composed of live members; and Whereas , it is now deemed desirable to increase the membership of the board of trustees; Now, Therefore , under and by virtue of the authority vested in me by the National Industrial Recovery Act of June 16, 1933, it is hereby directed that the governing body of the Export-Import Bank of Washington shall consist of a board of trustees composed of not less than five members nor more than nine members. In addition to the five persons named in the Executive Order of February 2, 1934, to handle the concerns of the corporation for the first year, the following persons, who have been invited and who have given their consent to serve, shall also act as trustees of said corporation: R. Walton Moore Assistant Secretary of State George N. Peek Assistant to the President Tom K. Smith Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury Harold II. Neff Counsel, Federal Trade Commission Any vacancies occurring in the initial board of trustees as so increased shall be filled in accordance with the certificate of incorporation and the bylaws of the Export-Import Bank of Washington, subject to the approval of the President of the United States. In addition to the five shares authorized by the Executive Order of February 2, 1934, to be held in the names of the initial trustees and their successors, one share may be transferred by the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Commerce to each of the above named persons, who are hereby made additional trustees of said corporation, to be held by them and their respective successors in the office of trustee, for the use and benefit of the United States. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT The White House, February 14, 1934.
Executive Order 6601 🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority Constitutional Neutral (+0.02)
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
Executive Order 6601-A—Increasing the Membership of the Board of Trustees of Export-Import Bank of Washington
Executive Brief • At a Glance
⏱️ 2 min read (336 words) •
● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate
It is hereby directed that the governing body of the Export-Import Bank of Washington shall consist of a board of trustees composed of not less than five members nor more than nine members.
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority
Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises Sovereign State Governments & Localities Financial Institutions & Monetary Authorities
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 14, 1934, this order concerns Increasing the Membership of the Board of Trustees of Export-Import Bank of Washington. It is hereby directed that the governing body of the Export-Import Bank of Washington shall consist of a board of trustees composed of not less than five members nor more than nine members. In addition to the five persons named in the Executive Order of February 2, 1934, to handle the concerns of the corporation for the first year, the following persons, who have been invited and who have given their consent to…
Constitutional Assessment: This action represents an orderly exercise of Article II administrative discretion, managing the internal machinery and personnel of the executive branch without abridging the ancient liberties of the people.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
▪
It is hereby directed that the governing body of the Export-Import Bank of Washington shall consist of a board of trustees composed of not less than five members nor more than nine members.
▪
In addition to the five persons named in the Executive Order of February 2, 1934, to handle the concerns of the corporation for the first year, the following persons, who have been invited and who have given their consent to serve, shall also act as trustees of said corporation: R. Walton Moore Assistant Secretary of State George N. Peek Assistant to the President Tom K. Smith Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury Harold II.
▪
Neff Counsel, Federal Trade Commission Any vacancies occurring in the initial board of trustees as so increased shall be filled in accordance with the certificate of incorporation and the bylaws of the Export-Import Bank of Washington, subject to the approval of the President of the United States.
▪
In addition to the five shares authorized by the Executive Order of February 2, 1934, to be held in the names of the initial trustees and their successors, one share may be transferred by the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Commerce to each of the above named persons, who are hereby made additional trustees of said corporation, to be held by them and their respective successors in the office of trustee, for the use and benefit of the United States.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
🏛️ Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises
🏛️ Sovereign State Governments & Localities
🏛️ Financial Institutions & Monetary Authorities
Policy Areas & Topics
🏛️
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority)
§
"When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization of Congress, his authority is at its maximum, for it includes all that he possesses in his own right plus all that Congress can delegate."
— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
JM
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"The constitutional magistracy was designed not to invent policy, but to be the faithful instrument of the laws passed by the people's representatives." — Speech in the First Congress (1789)
Madison would approve the structural posture of this order. The President acts strictly in subordination to statutory authority granted under Article II, Section 3 ("take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"). The checks and balances hold firm because the policy origin remains with the legislature.
Madisonian Stance: Concurring (Statutory)
AH
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)
Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.
Hamiltonian Stance: Supportive of Execution
GM
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
📐
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
🛡️ High Constitutional Concordance
28 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8
Low Friction
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Operates within delegated statutory execution without modifying legislative appropriations or taxing powers.
Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3
Moderate Friction
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Directs internal executive branch machinery, agency workflows, and federal personnel.
Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment
Moderate Friction
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments
Low Friction
Due Process & Individual Rights
Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.
Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers
Low Friction
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The President operates strictly as the constitutional Chief Executive, carrying out policy established by Congress with strong statutory backing.
Benchmark: Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
⚖️
Audit Synthesis
This order operates in close harmony with statutory authority and standard Article II supervisory execution.
Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
ℹ️
How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
336
1,953 characters
Estimated Read Time
2 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
17.6
Post-Graduate Legal
Text size:
Related Executive Orders
1 order cited directly in this text, plus related actions from this administration.
EO 6581 Feb 2, 1934
⚖️⚠️ Zone 3 (Lowest Ebb) Friction (-0.19)
Executive Order 6581—Authorizing the Formation of a Banking Corporation To Be Known as Export-Import Bank of Washington
📜 10th Amend: Federalism & State Sovereignty Tension
It is hereby declared that an agency, to wit: a banking corporation, be created pursuant to title 5, chapter 9, section 261 of the Code of the District of Columbia, under the name of ExportImport Bank of Washington.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Post-Graduate Legal • 3m
EO 6601 Feb 14, 1934
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6601—Code of Fair Competition for the Retail Solid Fuel Industry
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
I, Franklin D. Roosevelt , President of the United States, pursuant to the authority vested in me by Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, and otherwise, do approve the report and recommendations and adopt the findings of the Administrator and…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Post-Graduate Legal • 2m
EO 6603 Feb 15, 1934
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6603-A—Authorization of Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives to Inspect Tax Returns
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority
The tax returns of all companies or corporations manufacturing or selling airplanes, airplane engines, motors, and other parts and accessories and doing business with the Navy Department since 1921, including their holding or affiliated companies and subsidiaries, a list of…
Franklin D. Roosevelt High School • 1m
EO 6603 Feb 15, 1934
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6603—Allocation of Funds to the Federal Emergency Relief Administration
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
There is hereby allocated from the said appropriation to the Federal Emergency Relief Administration the sum of $500,000,000, of which $150,000,000 shall be available for expenditure during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1934, and $350,000,000, together with any unexpended…
Franklin D. Roosevelt College Level • 1m
EO 6602 Feb 15, 1934
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6602—Allocation of Funds to the Federal Civil Works Administration
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
The said disbursing officers are hereby directed, upon certification of a designated certifying officer of the Federal Civil Works Administration, to make payment for said supplies and services; and for such purposes and to continue the Federal Civil Works program, there is…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Post-Graduate Legal • 3m
EO 6604 Feb 16, 1934
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6604—Withdrawal of Public Lands for Soil Classification, Nebraska and South Dakota
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
All public lands in the townships hereinafter described be, and they are hereby, temporarily withdrawn from settlement, location, sale, entry, and all forms of appropriation, for the purpose of soil classification: Sixth Principal Meridian, Nebraska Tps. 32, 33, and 34 N., R. 9…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Grade 5 • 2m
📜
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 6601 (Feb. 14, 1934), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-6601-increasing-the-membership-the-board-trustees-export-import-bank.
