By virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me by the act of June 25, 1910 (ch. 421, 36 Stat. 847), as amended by the act of August 24, 1912 (ch. 369, 37 Stat. 497), the Executive order of July 13, 1910, creating Coal Land Withdrawal, Wyoming No. 1, and the Executive order of June 16, 1911, creating Coal Land Withdrawal, Wyoming No. 12, are hereby revoked insofar as, and to the extent that, they affect the following-described lands in Wyoming: SIXTH PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN T. 38 N., R. 72 W., sec. 29, SE¼SW¼, N½SE¼, and SW¼SE¼; sec. 32, SE¼NE¼, N½NW¼, SE¼SW¼, and SE¼; sec. 33, S½NW¼, N½SW¼, and SW¼SW¼. T. 37 N., R. 73 W., sec. 6, lot 7, SE¼SW¼; sec. 7, lots 1 and 2. T. 38 N., R. 73 W., sec. 6, lots 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, SE¼NW¼; sec. 19, lots 2, 3, and 4, SE¼NW¼, and E½SW¼; sec. 30, lots 1, 2, and 4, W½NE¼, and E½NW¼; sec. 31, lot 1, NE¼NW¼. T. 39 N., R. 73 W., sec. 7, lots 2, 3, and 4, S½NE¼, SE¼NW¼, E½SW¼, and SE¼; sec. 8, SW¼NW¼ and W½SW¼; sec. 10, SW¼NW¼; sec. 16, W½Е½, NE¼NW¼, S½NW¼, and SW¼; sec. 17, E½SE¼; sec. 18, Lots 1, 2, 3, and 4, NE¼, E½W½, and NW¼SE¼; sec. 19, lot 1; sec. 20, E½, S½NW¼, N½SW¼, and SE¼SW¼; sec. 21, W½NE¼, SE¼NE¼, W½, and SE¼; sec. 22, N½SW¼ and SW¼SW¼; sec. 28, N½NE¼, SW¼NE¼, NW¼, N½SW¼, and SW¼SW¼; sec. 29, all; sec. 30, E½NE¼, E½SW¼, and SE¼; sec. 31, all; sec. 32, N½NE¼, SW¼NE¼, NW¼, N½SW¼, and SW¼SW¼. T. 36 N., R. 74 W., secs. 1 to 18, inclusive, T. 37 N., R. 74 W., sec. 1, SE¼NE¼, SE¼SW¼, and SE¼; sec. 3, lots 3 and 4; sec. 4, lots 1, 2, 3, and 4, SW¼NE¼, S½NW¼, and NW¼SW¼; sec. 5, lots 1, 2, 3, and 4, S½N½, SW¼, N½SE¼, and SW¼SE¼; sec. 6, all; sec. 7, lots 1, 2, and 3, NE¼, E½NW¼, and E½SE¼; sec. 8, SW¼NE¼, NW¼, and W½SW¼; sec. 9, S½NE¼ and NE¼SE¼; sec. 10, SW¼NW¼ and S½; sec. 12, NE¼ and E½NW¼; sec. 14, W½NW¼, SE¼NW¼, and S½SW¼; sec. 15, all; sec. 16, E½NE¼, W½NW¼ SE¼NW¼, N½SW¼, SW¼SW¼, and SE¼; sec. 17, SE¼NE¼, NE¼SE¼, and S½SE¼; sec. 19, lot 4, SE¼NE¼, and E½SE¼; sec. 20, N½, SW¼, N½SE¼, and SW¼SE¼; sec. 21, E½, W½NW¼, SE¼NW¼, NE¼SW¼, and S½SW¼; sec. 22, N½, SW¼, and NW¼SE¼; sec. 23, W½NW¼; sec. 26, SW¼NW¼ and W½SW¼; sec. 27, E½NE¼, N½NW¼, SW¼NW¼, and SE¼; sec. 28, all; sec. 29, SE¼NE¼, N½NW¼, SE¼SW¼, and SE¼; sec. 30, lots 1, 2, 3, and 4, NE¼, E½W½, and W½SE¼; sec. 31, lots 1, 2, 3, and 4, E½NW¼, NE¼SE¼ and S½SE¼; sec. 32, NE¼, NE¼NW¼, S½NW¼, and S½; sec. 33, W½E½, W½, and SE¼SE¼; sec. 34, all; sec. 35, W½W½. T. 38 N., R. 74 W., secs. 1 to 11, inclusive; sec. 12, N½NW¼, SW¼NW¼, and S½; sec. 13, N½NW¼ and W½SW¼; sec. 14, N½NE¼, SW¼NE¼, NW¼, NW¼SW¼, S½S½, and NE¼SE¼; secs. 15 to 23, inclusive; sec. 24, W½NE¼, SE¼NE¼, W½, and SE¼; sec. 25, N½, N½W¼, and S½SE¼; sec. 26, N½, SW¼, N½SE¼, and SW¼SE¼; secs. 27 to 34, inclusive; sec. 35, N½NW¼, SW¼NW¼, N½SW¼, and SE¼SE¼; sec. 36, NE¼, NE¼NW¼, S½NW¼, SW¼, and N½SE¼. T. 39 N., R. 74 W., sec. 1, SW¼SW¼; secs. 2 to 5, inclusive; sec. 6, lots 1 and 7, S½NE¼, E½SW¼, and SE¼; secs. 7 to 11, inclusive; sec. 12, S½NE¼, W½, and SE¼; secs. 13 to 23, inclusive; sec. 24, N½, SW¼, and W½SE¼; sec. 25, N½NW¼, SW¼NW¼,SW¼, W½SE¼, and SE¼SE¼; secs. 26 to 36, inclusive. T. 40 N., R. 74 W., sec. 11, E½SE¼; sec. 12, W½SW¼; sec. 13, SW¼NE¼, W½, N½SE¼, and SW¼SE¼; sec. 14, NE¼, SE¼NW¼, and S½; sec. 15, SE¼SE¼; sec. 21, SE¼SE¼; sec. 22, NE¼, SE¼NW¼, and S½; sec. 23, all; sec. 24, NW¼ and W½SW¼; secs. 26 and 27; sec. 28, NE¼, SE¼NW¼, and S½; sec. 29, SE¼SE¼; sec. 32, NE¼NE¼, S½NE¼, NE¼SW¼, S½W½, and SE¼; secs. 33 and 34; sec. 35, W½E½ and W½. T. 36 N., R. 75 W., secs. 1 and 2; sec. 3, lot 1, SE¼NE¼, SE¼SW¼, and SE¼; sec. 10, E½, E½W½, and SW¼SW¼; secs. 11 to 14, inclusive; sec. 15, NE¼, E½NW¼, and S½; sec. 16, SE¼; sec. 21, E½ and E½SW¼; secs. 22 and 23; sec. 24, N½ and N½S½. T. 38 N., R. 75 W., secs. 1 to 4, inclusive; sec. 5, lots 1, 2, and 3, SW¼NE¼, S½NW¼,SW¼, W½SE¼, and SE¼SE¼; sec. 6, NE¼SE¼ and S½SE¼; sec. 7, lots 2, 3, and 4, E½, and E½W½; secs. 8 to 36, inclusive. T. 39 N., R. 75 W., sec. 12, NE¼NE¼, S½NE¼, NE¼SW¼, S½SW¼, and SE¼; sec. 13, all; sec. 14, SE¼NE¼, SE¼SW¼, and SE¼; sec. 22, SE¼NE¼, SE¼SW¼, and SE¼; secs. 23 to 27, inclusive; sec. 28, SE¼NE¼, SE¼SW¼, and SE¼; sec. 32, NE¼SE¼ and S½SE¼; sec. 33, NE¼, NE¼NW¼, S½NW¼, and S½; secs. 34 to 36, inclusive. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT The White House, March 21, 1935.
Executive Order 6996 ⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight Constitutional Neutral (+0.02)
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Executive Order 6996—Coal Land Restoration, Wyoming No. 50
Executive Brief • At a Glance
⏱️ 4 min read (847 words) •
● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate
The Executive order of July 13, 1910, creating Coal Land Withdrawal, Wyoming No. 1, and the Executive order of June 16, 1911, creating Coal Land Withdrawal, Wyoming No. 12, are hereby revoked insofar as, and to the extent that, they affect the following-described lands in Wyoming: SIXTH PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN T. 38 N., R. 72 W., sec. 29, SE¼SW¼, N½SE¼, and SW¼SE¼; sec. 32, SE¼NE¼, N½NW¼, SE¼SW¼, and SE¼; sec. 33, S½NW¼, N½SW¼, and SW¼SW¼.
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight
Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Executive Branch Departments General Body of the People
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 21, 1935, this order concerns Coal Land Restoration, Wyoming No. 50. The Executive order of July 13, 1910, creating Coal Land Withdrawal, Wyoming No. 1, and the Executive order of June 16, 1911, creating Coal Land Withdrawal, Wyoming No. 12, are hereby revoked insofar as, and to the extent that, they affect the following-described lands in Wyoming: SIXTH PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN T. 38 N., R. 72 W., sec. 29, SE¼SW¼, N½SE¼, and SW¼SE¼; sec. 32, SE¼NE¼, N½NW¼, SE¼SW¼, and SE¼; sec. 33…
Constitutional Assessment: This action represents an orderly exercise of Article II administrative discretion, managing the internal machinery and personnel of the executive branch without abridging the ancient liberties of the people.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
▪
The Executive order of July 13, 1910, creating Coal Land Withdrawal, Wyoming No. 1, and the Executive order of June 16, 1911, creating Coal Land Withdrawal, Wyoming No. 12, are hereby revoked insofar as, and to the extent that, they affect the following-described lands in Wyoming: SIXTH PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN T. 38 N., R. 72 W., sec. 29, SE¼SW¼, N½SE¼, and SW¼SE¼; sec. 32, SE¼NE¼, N½NW¼, SE¼SW¼, and SE¼; sec. 33, S½NW¼, N½SW¼, and SW¼SW¼.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
🏛️ Executive Branch Departments
🏛️ General Body of the People
Policy Areas & Topics
🏛️
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight)
§
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
JM
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Madisonian Stance: Vigilant / Cautionary
AH
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the government; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad government." — Federalist No. 70 (1788)
Hamilton would view this directive as the natural and indispensable functioning of administrative leadership. Without the power to coordinate agencies, manage personnel, and resolve operational ambiguities, the modern presidency would be reduced to an impotent figurehead.
Hamiltonian Stance: Defends Vigor & Dispatch
GM
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
📐
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
26 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8
Low Friction
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Operates within delegated statutory execution without modifying legislative appropriations or taxing powers.
Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3
Low Friction
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment
Low Friction
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Confined strictly to internal federal jurisdiction, federal property, or direct military command.
Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments
Low Friction
Due Process & Individual Rights
Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.
Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers
Moderate Friction
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
Benchmark: Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
⚖️
Audit Synthesis
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
ℹ️
How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
847
4,256 characters
Estimated Read Time
4 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
1
Grade 1
Text size:
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Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 6996 (Mar. 21, 1935), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-6996-coal-land-restoration-wyoming-no-50.
