By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and statutes of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, and as President of the United States, and in order to provide for consistent implementation within the Federal Government of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 794), it is hereby ordered as follows: SECTION 1. The Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare shall coordinate the Implementation of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, hereinafter referred to as section 504, by all Federal departments and agencies empowered to extend Federal financial assistance to any program or activity. The Secretary shall establish standards for determining who are handicapped individuals and guidelines for determining what are discriminatory practices, within the meaning of section 504. The Secretary shall assist Federal departments and agencies to coordinate their programs and activities and shall consult with such departments and agencies, as necessary so that consistent policies, practices, and procedures are adopted with respect to the enforcement of section 504. SEC. 2. In order to implement the provisions of section 504, each Federal department and agency empowered to provide Federal financial assistance shall issue rules, regulations, and directives, consistent with the standards and procedures established by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. SEC. 3. (a) Whenever the appropriate department or agency determines, upon all the information available to it, that any recipient of, or applicant for, Federal financial assistance is in noncompliance with the requirements adopted pursuant to this order, steps to secure voluntary compliance shall be carried out in accordance with standards and procedures established pursuant to this order. (b) If voluntary compliance cannot be secured by informal means, compliance with section 504 may be effected by the suspension or termination of, or refusal to award or continue, Federal financial assistance or by other appropriate means authorized by law, in accordance with standards and procedures established pursuant to this order. (c) No such suspension or termination of, or refusal to award or continue, Federal financial assistance shall become effective unless there has been an express finding, after opportunity for a hearing, of a failure by the recipient of, or applicant for, Federal financial assistance to comply with the requirements adopted pursuant to this order; however, such suspension or termination of, or refusal to award or continue, Federal financial assistance shall be limited in its effect to the particular program or activity or part thereof with respect to which there has been such a finding of noncompliance. SEC. 4. Each Federal department and agency shall furnish the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare such reports and information as the Secretary requests and shall cooperate with the Secretary in the implementation of section 504. SEC. 5. The Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare may adopt rules and regulations and issue orders which he deems are necessary to carry out his responsibilities under this order. The Secretary shall ensure that such rules, regulations, and orders are not inconsistent with, or duplicative of, other Federal Government policies relating to the handicapped, including those policies adopted in accordance with sections 501, 502, and 503 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, or the Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 4151 et seq.) GERALD R. FORD The White House, April 28, 1976.
Executive Order 11914—Nondiscrimination With Respect to the Handicapped in Federally Assisted Programs
Executive Brief • At a Glance
The Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare shall coordinate the Implementation of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, hereinafter referred to as section 504, by all Federal departments and agencies empowered to extend Federal financial assistance to any program or activity.
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Gerald R. Ford on April 28, 1976, this order concerns Nondiscrimination With Respect to the Handicapped in Federally Assisted Programs. The Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare shall coordinate the Implementation of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, hereinafter referred to as section 504, by all Federal departments and agencies empowered to extend Federal financial assistance to any program or activity.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
The Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare shall coordinate the Implementation of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, hereinafter referred to as section 504, by all Federal departments and agencies empowered to extend Federal financial assistance to any program or activity.
The Secretary shall establish standards for determining who are handicapped individuals and guidelines for determining what are discriminatory practices, within the meaning of section 504.
The Secretary shall assist Federal departments and agencies to coordinate their programs and activities and shall consult with such departments and agencies, as necessary so that consistent policies, practices, and procedures are adopted with respect to the enforcement of section 504.
In order to implement the provisions of section 504, each Federal department and agency empowered to provide Federal financial assistance shall issue rules, regulations, and directives, consistent with the standards and procedures established by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
Policy Areas & Topics
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the government; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad government." — Federalist No. 70 (1788)
Hamilton would view this directive as the natural and indispensable functioning of administrative leadership. Without the power to coordinate agencies, manage personnel, and resolve operational ambiguities, the modern presidency would be reduced to an impotent figurehead.
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Administers commerce or fiscal programs requiring ongoing statutory delegation and legislative oversight.
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Due Process & Individual Rights
Applies regulatory or compliance standards to private contractors or commercial entities.
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Referenced By Later Executive Orders (1)
Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 11,914 (Apr. 28, 1976), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-11914-nondiscrimination-with-respect-the-handicapped-federally-assisted.