By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and statutes of the United States of America, including Section 805 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as added by Section 503 of Public Law 94-350 (90 Stat. 835; 22 U.S.C. 1065), in order to conform the Foreign ' Service Retirement and Disability System to certain amendments to the Civil Service Retirement and Disability System, it is hereby ordered as follows: 1-101. (a) The enactment (after January 1, 1974) of certain laws has affected a number of provisions of general applicability in the Civil Service Retirement and Disability System (subchapter III, Chapter 83 of Title 5 of the United States Code) or otherwise affected current or former participants, annuitants, or survivors under that System which, immediately prior to the enactment of such laws, had been substantially identical to corresponding provisions of law affecting participants, former participants, annuitants or survivors under the Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System. Those laws are set forth at Annex I, attached hereto and made a part hereof. (b) The provisions of the laws referred to in subsection (a) above are extended, as provided by Section 805 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1065), to the Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System in accordance with the provisions of this Order, which provisions shall modify, supersede, or render inapplicable all inconsistent prior provisions of law. 1-102. In accord with Section 1 of Public Law 93-260, Section 804 (2) of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1064(2)), is deemed to be amended by striking out "two years" wherever it appears and inserting in lieu thereof "one year". This amendment shall apply only in the cases of participants, former participants, or annuitants who died on or after April 9, 1974 but no annuity shall be paid or recomputed, by virtue of this amendment, for any period prior to May 1, 1974. 1-103. In accord with Section 1 (b) of Public Law 95-382, Section 811 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1071), shall be deemed to be amended to provide that, "No contribution shall be required for any period for which credit is allowed to persons of Japanese ancestry for being interned or otherwise detained during World War II, as described in Section 1 (a) of Public Law 95-382.". 1-104. In accord with Section 1 of Public Law 93-273, and notwithstanding any other provision of Section 821 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1076), said Section 821 shall be deemed to be amended to provide for the payment of a minimum annuity as set forth at Section 821 I of Annex II attached hereto and made a part hereof. 1-105. In accord with Section 2 of Public Law 93-273, Section 821 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1076), shall be deemed to be amended to provide an increase in annuities, which have been computed on the highest five consecutive years of service, as set forth at Section 821-2 of Annex II, attached hereto and made a part hereof. 1-106. In accord with Sections l(a) and 4 of Public Law 95-317, Section 821 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (2 U.S.C. 1076), shall be deemed to be amended to provide for the recomputation of annuities for non-married annuitants as set forth at Section 821-3 of Annex II, attached hereto and made a part hereof. 1-107. (a) In accord with Section 1 (c) of Public Law 95-317, the last sentence of Section 821(g) of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1076(g)), shall be deemed to be amended to read as follows: "The annuity reduction or recomputation shall be effective the first day of the first month beginning one year after the date of marriage." (b) The amendment made by paragraph (a) above shall apply with respect to survivor elections received by the Secretary on or after October 1, 1978. 1-108. (a) In accord with Section 2 of Public Law 95-317, Section 821 (f) of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1076(f) ), shall be deemed to be amended by adding at the end thereof the following: "An annuity which is reduced under this subsection or any similar prior provisions of law shall, effective the first day of the month following the death of the beneficiary named under this subsection, be recomputed and paid as if the annuity had not been so reduced.". (b) The amendment made by paragraph (a) above shall apply with respect to annuities which commence before, on, or after October 1, 1978, but no monetary benefit by reason of such amendment shall accrue for any period before October 1, 1978. 1-109. In accord with Section 3 of Public Law 95-317, Section 821 of the Foreign Service Act, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1076), shall be deemed to be amended to provide a requirement for annual notice to participants, as set forth at Section 821-4 of Annex II, attached hereto and made a part hereof. 1-110. In accord with subsections (c) and (d) of Section 2 of Public Law 95-382, Section 821 of the Foreign Serv. ice Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1076), shall be deemed to be amended to provide World War II Internment annuity credit as set forth at Section 821—5 of Annex II, attached hereto and made a part hereof. 1-111. In accord with Sections (a) and 2 (a) and (b) of Public Law 95—382, Section 851 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1091), shall be deemed to be amended to provide additional creditable service as set forth at Section 851-1 at Annex III attached hereto and made a part hereof. 1-112. In accord with Public Law 94166 and Public Law 95-366, Section 864 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1104), shall be deemed to be amended to read as set forth at Annex IV, attached hereto and made a part hereof. 1-113. Because the provisions of Executive Order No. 11952 of January 7, 1977, have been incorporated into this Order or its Annexes, Executive Order No. 11952 is revoked. JIMMY CARTER The White House, July 18, 1979 [Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 4:29 p.m., July 18, 1979]
Executive Order 12145—Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System
Executive Brief • At a Glance
The provisions of the laws referred to in subsection (a) above are extended, as provided by Section 805 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1065), to the Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System in accordance with the provisions of this Order, which provisions shall modify, supersede, or render inapplicable all inconsistent prior provisions of law. 1-102.
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Jimmy Carter on July 18, 1979, this order concerns Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System. 1-101. (a) The enactment (after January 1, 1974) of certain laws has affected a number of provisions of general applicability in the Civil Service Retirement and Disability System (subchapter III, Chapter 83 of Title 5 of the United States Code) or otherwise affected current or former participants, annuitants, or survivors under that System which, immediately prior to the enactment of such laws, had been…
Key Directives & Operative Actions
The provisions of the laws referred to in subsection (a) above are extended, as provided by Section 805 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1065), to the Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System in accordance with the provisions of this Order, which provisions shall modify, supersede, or render inapplicable all inconsistent prior provisions of law. 1-102.
In accord with Section 1 of Public Law 93-260, Section 804 (2) of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1064(2)), is deemed to be amended by striking out "two years" wherever it appears and inserting in lieu thereof "one year".
This amendment shall apply only in the cases of participants, former participants, or annuitants who died on or after April 9, 1974 but no annuity shall be paid or recomputed, by virtue of this amendment, for any period prior to May 1, 1974. 1-103.
In accord with Section 1 (b) of Public Law 95-382, Section 811 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1071), shall be deemed to be amended to provide that, "No contribution shall be required for any period for which credit is allowed to persons of Japanese ancestry for being interned or otherwise detained during World War II, as described in Section 1 (a) of Public Law 95-382.". 1-104.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
Policy Areas & Topics
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)
Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Touches upon core congressional prerogatives: raises appropriations reallocation, tariff imposition, or statutory preemption questions.
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Directs internal executive branch machinery, agency workflows, and federal personnel.
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Due Process & Individual Rights
Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Referenced By Later Executive Orders (1)
Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 12,145 (July 18, 1979), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-12145-foreign-service-retirement-and-disability-system.