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Executive Order 12185 🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority Constitutional Fidelity (+0.29) 📜 Art. II §3: Faithful Execution of Statutory Law

Executive Order 12185—Conservation of Petroleum and Natural Gas

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Monday, December 17, 1979
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3 min read (650 words)

Executive Brief • At a Glance

⏱️ 3 min read (650 words) • ● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate

Each Federal agency, as that term is defined in Section 103(a) (25) of the Power plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 3297), shall effectuate through its financial assistance programs the purposes of that Act relating to the conservation of petroleum and natural gas. 1-102.

⚖️ Constitutional Footing
🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority
Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
📜 Art. II §3: Faithful Execution of Statutory Law
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Private Citizens & Property Owners

Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis

Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.

Signed by President Jimmy Carter on December 17, 1979, this order concerns Conservation of Petroleum and Natural Gas. 1-101. Each Federal agency, as that term is defined in Section 103(a) (25) of the Power plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 3297), shall effectuate through its financial assistance programs the purposes of that Act relating to the conservation of petroleum and natural gas. 1-102.

Constitutional Assessment: An early statesman would view this measure favorably under Article II, Section 3 (the Take Care Clause). The President operates strictly within the ambit of executing established laws and supervising departmental subordinates, respecting the supremacy of the legislative branch without fabricating novel statutory obligations.

Key Directives & Operative Actions

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Each Federal agency, as that term is defined in Section 103(a) (25) of the Power plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 3297), shall effectuate through its financial assistance programs the purposes of that Act relating to the conservation of petroleum and natural gas. 1-102.

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Each Federal agency which extends financial assistance shall review those programs of financial assistance and identify those which are most likely to offer opportunities for significant conservation of petroleum and natural gas. 1-103.

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Within two months, and annually thereafter, each agency shall publish for comment a list of those programs which it has identified as likely to offer significant opportunity for conservation.

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The public shall be given 60 days to submit comments, including suggestions for rules which would effectuate the conservation purposes of the Act. 1-104.

Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted

🏛️ Private Citizens & Property Owners
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The Framers' Constitutional Council

1787 Prism

Evaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.

🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority)
§

"When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization of Congress, his authority is at its maximum, for it includes all that he possesses in his own right plus all that Congress can delegate."

— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
JM

James Madison

Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy

"The constitutional magistracy was designed not to invent policy, but to be the faithful instrument of the laws passed by the people's representatives." — Speech in the First Congress (1789)

Madison would approve the structural posture of this order. The President acts strictly in subordination to statutory authority granted under Article II, Section 3 ("take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"). The checks and balances hold firm because the policy origin remains with the legislature.

Madisonian Stance: Concurring (Statutory)
AH

Alexander Hamilton

The Energetic Executive & Unified Command

"A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the government; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad government." — Federalist No. 70 (1788)

Hamilton would view this directive as the natural and indispensable functioning of administrative leadership. Without the power to coordinate agencies, manage personnel, and resolve operational ambiguities, the modern presidency would be reduced to an impotent figurehead.

Hamiltonian Stance: Supportive of Execution
GM

George Mason

Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment

"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)

The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.

Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
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Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions

An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.

⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
40 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8

Legislative Encroachment & Purse

Moderate Friction

Administers commerce or fiscal programs requiring ongoing statutory delegation and legislative oversight.

Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3

Executive Scope & Faithfulness

Moderate Friction

Directs internal executive branch machinery, agency workflows, and federal personnel.

Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment

Federalism & State Sovereignty

Moderate Friction

Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.

Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments

Due Process & Individual Rights

Moderate Friction

Applies regulatory or compliance standards to private contractors or commercial entities.

Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers

Youngstown Jacksonian Tier

Low Friction

The President operates strictly as the constitutional Chief Executive, carrying out policy established by Congress with strong statutory backing.

Benchmark: Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
⚖️ Audit Synthesis

This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.

Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
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How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
650
3,993 characters
Estimated Read Time
3 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
14.4
College Level
Language Tone Score
+0.29
Constitutional Fidelity
How is this scored?
Text size:

Official Archival Text

View Source Document

By the authority vested in me as President of the United States of America by Section 403(b) of the Power plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 3318; Public Law 95-620) and Section 301 of Title 3 of the United States Code, in order to encourage additional conservation of petroleum and natural gas by recipients of Federal financial assistance, it is hereby ordered as follows: 1-101. Each Federal agency, as that term is defined in Section 103(a) (25) of the Power plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 3297), shall effectuate through its financial assistance programs the purposes of that Act relating to the conservation of petroleum and natural gas. 1-102. Each Federal agency which extends financial assistance shall review those programs of financial assistance and identify those which are most likely to offer opportunities for significant conservation of petroleum and natural gas. 1-103. Within two months, and annually thereafter, each agency shall publish for comment a list of those programs which it has identified as likely to offer significant opportunity for conservation. The public shall be given 60 days to submit comments, including suggestions for rules which would effectuate the conservation purposes of the Act. 1-104. After receiving public comment and suggestions, and after consulting with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, each agency shall publish proposed rules designed to achieve conservation of petroleum and natural gas in connection with the receipt of financial assistance. Proposed rules should be published within 30 days of the close of the comment period under Section 1-103. 1-105. Final rules shall be adopted by each .agency in accordance with the provisions of Sections 102(b), 403(b) and 701 (a) of the Power plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978, and the provisions of this Order, not later than 180 days from the date of this Order. 1-106. No one shall be awarded any financial assistance unless that award complies with the provisions of the conservation rules adopted by the agency pursuant to this Order. 1-107. To the extent permitted by law and where not inconsistent with the financial assistance program, final rules may provide for the reduction or suspension of financial assistance under any award. Such reduction or suspension shall not be ordered until there has been an opportunity for a hearing on the record, and shall last for such time .as the recipient fails to comply with the terms of the conservation rule. 1-108. No conservation rule shall be adopted which is inconsistent with the statutory provisions establishing the financial assistance program. 1-109. No conservation rule shall be used to enforce compliance with any prohibition under the Act against any person or facility which has been specifically determined by the Secretary of Energy as subject to or exempt from a prohibition under the Act. The conservation rules shall be used to enforce other new ways of achieving the purposes of the Act related to the conservation of petroleum and natural gas. 1-110. In order to assess the effectiveness of this program, each agency shall annually prepare a report on its activities in accord with Section 403(b) (1) (B) of the Act. These reports shall be submitted to the President through the Secretary of Energy. 1-111. The Secretary of Energy shall prepare for the President's consideration and transmittal to the Congress the report required by Section 403(c) of the Act. 1-112. The Director of the Office of Management and Budget may issue any rules, regulations, or orders he deems necessary to ensure the implementation of this Order. The Director may exercise any of the authority vested in the President by Section 403(b) of the Act, and may redelegate such of that authority as he deems appropriate to the head of any other agency. JIMMY CARTER The White House, December 17, 1979. [Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 10:40 a.m., December 18, 1979]

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Scholarly & Legal Citations

Exec. Order No. 12,185 (Dec. 17, 1979), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-12185-conservation-petroleum-and-natural-gas.