By virtue of the authority vested in me by title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act of June 16, 1933 (Public, No. 67, 73d Cong.), Executive Order No. 6182 of June 26, 1933, as supplemented by Executive Order No. 6207 of July 21, 1933, which delegated to the Secretary of Agriculture certain of the powers vested in me by the aforesaid act, is hereby amended so that, in addition to the trades, industries, or subdivisions thereof therein enumerated, there shall be included the following trades, industries, or subdivisions thereof: 1. Industries, trades, or subdivisions thereof (including agricultural produce and commodity exchanges and similar organizations) engaged principally in the handling of any of the following: (a) Agricultural commodities (including livestock, poultry, fur-bearing animals and bees, and flowers and nursery stock, but excluding forest products other than nuts, fruits, sap, gum, and oils) up to the point of first processing off the farm, including all distribution, cleaning, or sorting, ginning, threshing, or other separation, or grading, or canning, preserving, or packing, of such commodities occurring prior to such first processing. (b) Human and animal food (including beverages, confectionery, and condiments) and all substances or preparations used for food or entering principally into the composition of food. (c) Nonfood products of grains; inedible animal and vegetable oils and fats; naval stores; feathers, hides, and furs; brooms; or hog-cholera serum. 2. Industries, trades, or subdivisions thereof, engaged principally in the crushing of cotton seed or flax seed. If a question should arise as to whether or not any specific trade, industry, or subdivision thereof is or is not within the terms of Executive Order No. 6182 (as supplemented by Executive Order No. 6207) and/or this order, the question shall be finally and conclusively determined by agreement between the Secretary of Agriculture and the Administrator of the National Recovery Administration; or, if they do not agree, then the question shall be submitted to the President, whose decision thereon shall be final and conclusive. This order shall not apply with respect to any trade, industry, or subdivision thereof for which a code of fair competition has heretofore been approved by me except as may hereafter be otherwise determined by agreement between the Secretary of Agriculture and the National Recovery Administrator. As thus amended Executive Order No. 6182 (as supplemented by Executive Order No. 6207) shall be and remain in full force and effect until amended or revoked by me. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT The White House, October 20, 1933.
Executive Order 6345 ⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight Constitutional Neutral (+0.02)
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Executive Order 6345—Amendment of Executive Order No. 6182 as Supplemented by Executive Order No. 6207, Which Delegated to the Secretary of Agriculture Certain Authority Under the National Industrial Recovery Act
Executive Brief • At a Glance
⏱️ 2 min read (413 words) •
● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate
Executive Order No. 6182 of June 26, 1933, as supplemented by Executive Order No. 6207 of July 21, 1933, which delegated to the Secretary of Agriculture certain of the powers vested in me by the aforesaid act, is hereby amended so that, in addition to the trades, industries, or subdivisions thereof therein enumerated, there shall be included the following trades, industries, or subdivisions thereof: 1.
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight
Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises Private Citizens & Property Owners
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on October 20, 1933, this order concerns Amendment of Executive Order No. 6182 as Supplemented by Executive Order No. 6207, Which Delegated to the Secretary of Agriculture Certain Authority Under the National Industrial Recovery Act. Executive Order No. 6182 of June 26, 1933, as supplemented by Executive Order No. 6207 of July 21, 1933, which delegated to the Secretary of Agriculture certain of the powers vested in me by the aforesaid act, is hereby amended so that, in addition to the trades, industries, or subdivisions thereof therein enumerated, there shall be included the following trades, industries, or subdivisions thereof: 1.
Constitutional Assessment: This action represents an orderly exercise of Article II administrative discretion, managing the internal machinery and personnel of the executive branch without abridging the ancient liberties of the people.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
▪
Executive Order No. 6182 of June 26, 1933, as supplemented by Executive Order No. 6207 of July 21, 1933, which delegated to the Secretary of Agriculture certain of the powers vested in me by the aforesaid act, is hereby amended so that, in addition to the trades, industries, or subdivisions thereof therein enumerated, there shall be included the following trades, industries, or subdivisions thereof: 1.
▪
If a question should arise as to whether or not any specific trade, industry, or subdivision thereof is or is not within the terms of Executive Order No. 6182 (as supplemented by Executive Order No. 6207) and/or this order, the question shall be finally and conclusively determined by agreement between the Secretary of Agriculture and the Administrator of the National Recovery Administration; or, if they do not agree, then the question shall be submitted to the President, whose decision thereon shall be final and conclusive.
▪
This order shall not apply with respect to any trade, industry, or subdivision thereof for which a code of fair competition has heretofore been approved by me except as may hereafter be otherwise determined by agreement between the Secretary of Agriculture and the National Recovery Administrator.
▪
As thus amended Executive Order No. 6182 (as supplemented by Executive Order No. 6207) shall be and remain in full force and effect until amended or revoked by me.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
🏛️ Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises
🏛️ Private Citizens & Property Owners
Policy Areas & Topics
🏛️
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight)
§
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
JM
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Madisonian Stance: Vigilant / Cautionary
AH
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the government; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad government." — Federalist No. 70 (1788)
Hamilton would view this directive as the natural and indispensable functioning of administrative leadership. Without the power to coordinate agencies, manage personnel, and resolve operational ambiguities, the modern presidency would be reduced to an impotent figurehead.
Hamiltonian Stance: Defends Vigor & Dispatch
GM
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
📐
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
26 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8
Low Friction
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Operates within delegated statutory execution without modifying legislative appropriations or taxing powers.
Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3
Low Friction
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment
Low Friction
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Confined strictly to internal federal jurisdiction, federal property, or direct military command.
Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments
Low Friction
Due Process & Individual Rights
Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.
Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers
Moderate Friction
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
Benchmark: Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
⚖️
Audit Synthesis
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
ℹ️
How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
413
2,669 characters
Estimated Read Time
2 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
15.1
College Level
Text size:
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Referenced By Later Executive Orders (6)
Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.
Franklin D. Roosevelt • 1934-06-30
Franklin D. Roosevelt • 1934-06-29
Amends Executive Order 6734-A—Approval of Code of Fair Competition for the Wheat Flour Milling Industry
Franklin D. Roosevelt • 1934-06-09
Amends Executive Order 6716—Approval of Code of Fair Competition for the Feed Manufacturing Industry
Franklin D. Roosevelt • 1934-05-23
Franklin D. Roosevelt • 1934-05-08
References Executive Order 6686—Approval of Code of Fair Competition for the Linseed Oil Manufacturing Industry
Franklin D. Roosevelt • 1934-04-20
Related Executive Orders
2 orders cited directly in this text, plus related actions from this administration.
EO 6182 Jun 26, 1933
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6182—Delegation of Certain Functions and Powers Under the National Industrial Recovery Act to the Secretary of Agriculture
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
I hereby delegate to the Secretary of Agriculture all the functions and powers (other than the determination and administration of provisions relating to hours of labor, rates of pay, and other conditions of employment) vested in me by said Title I of said Act with respect to…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Post-Graduate Legal • 1m
EO 6207 Jul 21, 1933
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6207—Continuing in Effect the Authority Delegated to the Secretary of Agriculture by Executive Order No. 6182
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Nothing in my Executive Order dated July 15, 1933, supplementing my Executive Order dated June 16, 1933, appointing Hugh S. Johnson to be the Administrator under Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, shall be or be deemed to be in modification…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Post-Graduate Legal • 1m
EO 6350 Oct 20, 1933
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6350—Code of Fair Competition for the Cap and Closure Industry
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
I, Franklin D. Roosevelt , President of the United States, pursuant to the authority vested in me by title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, and otherwise, do approve the report and recommendations and adopt the findings of the Administrator and…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Post-Graduate Legal • 1m
EO 6349 Oct 20, 1933
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6349—Code of Fair Competition for the Marking Devices Industry
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
I, Franklin D. Roosevelt , President of the United States, pursuant to the authority vested in me by title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, and otherwise, do adopt and approve the report, recommendations, and findings of the Administrator and…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Post-Graduate Legal • 1m
EO 6348 Oct 20, 1933
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6348—Modifying Agreement Approved July 27, 1933, Between the President of the United States and the Code Committee of the Cordage and Twine Industry
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
It Appearing that paragraph 2, schedule A, of the agreement entered into by the President of the United States and the code committee of the Cordage and Twine Industry, approved by Executive order of July 27, 1933, was executed as part of a measure intended to be purely…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Post-Graduate Legal • 2m
EO 6347 Oct 20, 1933
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 6347—Further Stay of Part I, Section 1(c) of Code of Fair Competition for the Underwear and Allied Products Manufacturing Industry
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
A Code of Fair Competition for the Underwear and Allied Products Manufacturing Industry having been approved by me September 18, 1933, on condition that all manufacturers included within the provisions of part I, section 1 (c) of said code be granted a stay of fourteen (14)…
Franklin D. Roosevelt Post-Graduate Legal • 1m
📜
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 6345 (Oct. 20, 1933), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-6345-amendment-executive-order-no-6182-supplemented-executive-order-no.
