By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows: SECTION 1. There is hereby established the President's Economic Policy Board (hereinafter referred to as the Board). SEC. 2. The Board shall consist of the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall be its Chairman, the Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the Secretary of Transportation, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, and the Executive Director of the Council on International Economic Policy. The Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is invited to attend meetings of the Board. SEC. 3. The Economic Policy Board shall provide advice to the President concerning all aspects of national and international economic policy, will oversee the formulation, coordination, and implementation of all economic policy of the United States, and will serve as the focal point for economic policy decision-making. The Chairman of the Board shall act as the principal spokesman for the Executive Branch on matters of economic policy. SEC. 4. (a) There is hereby established the Executive Committee of the Board. The Executive Committee shall consist of the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall be its Chairman, the Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, and the Executive Director of the Council on International Economic Policy. The Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is invited to attend meetings of the Executive Committee. (b) The Executive Committee shall meet daily to consider matters involving responsibilities of the Board. SEC. 5. The Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs shall be the Executive Director of the Board and of the Executive Committee, and, as such, shall be responsible for coordinating the implementation of economic policy and providing liaison with the Presidential staff and with other Governmental activities. SEC. 6. (a) The Secretary of the Treasury shall be a member of the Council on Wage and Price Stability and he its Chairman. The Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs shall be a member of the Council and be its Deputy Chairman. (b) The Secretary of the Treasury shall be the Chairman of the Council on International Economic Policy. The Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs shall be a member of that Council and be its Deputy Chairman. (c) Section 1(b) of Executive Order No. 11269, as amended (prescribing the composition of the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Policies), is further amended by inserting after "the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall be Chairman of the Council," the following "the Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs, who shall be Deputy Chairman of the Council,". (d) (1) Section 1 (1) of Executive Order No. 11789 (prescribing the composition of the President's Committee on East-West Trade Policy) is amended to read as follows: "(1) The Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs." (2) Section 2 of that Order is amended to read as follows: "Sec. 2. The Secretary of the Treasury shall be the Chairman of the Committee, and the Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs shall be its Deputy Chairman." SEC. 7. All departments and agencies shall cooperate with the Board, including the Executive Committee thereof, and shall, to the extent permitted by law, provide it with such assistance and information as the Chairman or the Executive Director of the Board may request. GERALD R. FORD The White House, September 30, 1974.
Executive Order 11808 🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority Constitutional Fidelity (+0.29)
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
Executive Order 11808—Establishing the President's Economic Policy Board, and for Other Purposes
Executive Brief • At a Glance
⏱️ 3 min read (637 words) •
● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate
There is hereby established the President's Economic Policy Board (hereinafter referred to as the Board).
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority
Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises Sovereign State Governments & Localities Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants Public Health & Medical Institutions
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Gerald R. Ford on September 30, 1974, this order concerns Establishing the President's Economic Policy Board, and for Other Purposes. There is hereby established the President's Economic Policy Board (hereinafter referred to as the Board). SEC. 2. The Board shall consist of the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall be its Chairman, the Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health…
Constitutional Assessment: This action represents an orderly exercise of Article II administrative discretion, managing the internal machinery and personnel of the executive branch without abridging the ancient liberties of the people.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
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There is hereby established the President's Economic Policy Board (hereinafter referred to as the Board).
▪
The Board shall consist of the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall be its Chairman, the Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the Secretary of Transportation, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, and the Executive Director of the Council on International Economic Policy.
▪
The Economic Policy Board shall provide advice to the President concerning all aspects of national and international economic policy, will oversee the formulation, coordination, and implementation of all economic policy of the United States, and will serve as the focal point for economic policy decision-making.
▪
The Chairman of the Board shall act as the principal spokesman for the Executive Branch on matters of economic policy.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
🏛️ Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises
🏛️ Sovereign State Governments & Localities
🏛️ Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants
🏛️ Public Health & Medical Institutions
🏛️ Financial Institutions & Monetary Authorities
Policy Areas & Topics
🏛️
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority)
§
"When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization of Congress, his authority is at its maximum, for it includes all that he possesses in his own right plus all that Congress can delegate."
— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
JM
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"The constitutional magistracy was designed not to invent policy, but to be the faithful instrument of the laws passed by the people's representatives." — Speech in the First Congress (1789)
Madison would approve the structural posture of this order. The President acts strictly in subordination to statutory authority granted under Article II, Section 3 ("take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"). The checks and balances hold firm because the policy origin remains with the legislature.
Madisonian Stance: Concurring (Statutory)
AH
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)
Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.
Hamiltonian Stance: Supportive of Execution
GM
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
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Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
32 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8
Low Friction
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Operates within delegated statutory execution without modifying legislative appropriations or taxing powers.
Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3
Moderate Friction
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Directs internal executive branch machinery, agency workflows, and federal personnel.
Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment
Moderate Friction
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments
Moderate Friction
Due Process & Individual Rights
Applies regulatory or compliance standards to private contractors or commercial entities.
Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers
Low Friction
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The President operates strictly as the constitutional Chief Executive, carrying out policy established by Congress with strong statutory backing.
Benchmark: Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
⚖️
Audit Synthesis
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
ℹ️
How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
637
3,968 characters
Estimated Read Time
3 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
16.7
Post-Graduate Legal
Text size:
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Referenced By Later Executive Orders (4)
Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.
Jimmy Carter • 1977-03-07
Gerald R. Ford • 1976-02-02
Gerald R. Ford • 1975-06-16
Gerald R. Ford • 1975-03-27
Related Executive Orders
2 orders cited directly in this text, plus related actions from this administration.
EO 11269 Amended Feb 14, 1966
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11269—National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Policies
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
Establishment of Council. (a) There is hereby established the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Policies, hereinafter referred to as the Council.
Lyndon B. Johnson College Level • 4m
EO 11789 Jun 25, 1974
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11789—President's Committee on East-West Trade Policy
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
The East-West Trade Policy Committee is hereby redesignated as the President's Committee on East-West Trade Policy (hereinafter referred to as the Committee), and is hereby continued.
Richard Nixon High School • 1m
EO 11810 Sep 30, 1974
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11810—Continuing the Regulation of Exports
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Notwithstanding the expiration of the Export Administration Act of 1969, as amended, the provisions for administration of that act contained in Executive Order No. 11533 of June 4, 1970 as continued in effect by Executive Order No. 11683 of August 29, 1972, shall continue in…
Gerald R. Ford Post-Graduate Legal • 2m
EO 11809 Sep 30, 1974
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11809—Establishing the President's Labor-Management Committee
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
There is hereby established the President's Labor-Management Committee (hereinafter referred to as the Committee). The Committee shall consist of eight labor members and eight management members and a neutral coordinator, all to be designated by the President. SEC. 2.
Gerald R. Ford Post-Graduate Legal • 1m
EO 11807 Sep 28, 1974
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Fidelity (+0.29)
Executive Order 11807—Occupational Safety and Health Programs for Federal Employees
📜 Art. II §3: Administrative Management & Civil Service
As the Nation's largest employer, the Federal Government has a special obligation to set an example for all employers by providing a safe and healthful working environment for its employees.
Gerald R. Ford Post-Graduate Legal • 8m
EO 11806 Sep 25, 1974
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11806—Amending Executive Order No. 11763 of January 17, 1974, to Extend the Life of the National Commission for the Observance of World Population Year
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Section 2(e) of Executive Order No. 11763 of January 17, 1974 (39 F.R. 2349), is revised to read in its entirety as follows: "(e) The Commission shall conclude its work and make a report to the President not later than June 30, 1975, at which time the Commission shall be deemed…
Gerald R. Ford High School • 1m
📜
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 11,808 (Sept. 30, 1974), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-11808-establishing-the-presidents-economic-policy-board-and-for-other.
