By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, and as President of the United States of America, it is ordered as follows: SECTION 1. There is hereby established the President's Labor-Management Committee (hereinafter referred to as the Committee). The Committee shall consist of eight labor members and eight management members and a neutral coordinator, all to be designated by the President. SEC. 2. The Committee shall study and shall advise and make recommendations to the President with respect to policies that may be followed by labor, management, or the public which will promote free and responsible collective bargaining, industrial peace, sound wage and price policies, higher standards of living, increased productivity, and related manpower policies, and such other matters which could contribute to the longer-run economic well-being of the Nation. SEC. 3. The Committee shall encourage the establishment of labor-management committees (bipartite or tripartite) in particular sectors or industries as may be appropriate. SEC. 4. All executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government are authorized and directed to cooperate with the Committee and to furnish such information and assistance, not inconsistent with law, as it may require in the performance of its duties. SEC. 5. The Secretary of the Treasury shall perform any functions with respect to the Committee as may be required by the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C., App. 1). GERALD R. FORD The White House, September 30, 1974.
Executive Order 11809 🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority Constitutional Neutral (+0.02)
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
Executive Order 11809—Establishing the President's Labor-Management Committee
Executive Brief • At a Glance
⏱️ 1 min read (244 words) •
● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate
There is hereby established the President's Labor-Management Committee (hereinafter referred to as the Committee).
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
🏛️✅ Zone 1: Maximum Authority
Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants Private Citizens & Property Owners Foreign Nations & International Entities
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Gerald R. Ford on September 30, 1974, this order concerns Establishing the President's Labor-Management Committee. There is hereby established the President's Labor-Management Committee (hereinafter referred to as the Committee). The Committee shall consist of eight labor members and eight management members and a neutral coordinator, all to be designated by the President. SEC. 2.
Constitutional Assessment: This action represents an orderly exercise of Article II administrative discretion, managing the internal machinery and personnel of the executive branch without abridging the ancient liberties of the people.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
▪
There is hereby established the President's Labor-Management Committee (hereinafter referred to as the Committee).
▪
The Committee shall consist of eight labor members and eight management members and a neutral coordinator, all to be designated by the President.
▪
The Committee shall study and shall advise and make recommendations to the President with respect to policies that may be followed by labor, management, or the public which will promote free and responsible collective bargaining, industrial peace, sound wage and price policies, higher standards of living, increased productivity, and related manpower policies, and such other matters which could contribute to the longer-run economic well-being of the Nation.
▪
The Committee shall encourage the establishment of labor-management committees (bipartite or tripartite) in particular sectors or industries as may be appropriate.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
🏛️ Merchants, Importers & Commercial Enterprises
🏛️ Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants
🏛️ Private Citizens & Property Owners
🏛️ Foreign Nations & International Entities
🏛️ Financial Institutions & Monetary Authorities
Policy Areas & Topics
🏛️
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority)
§
"When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization of Congress, his authority is at its maximum, for it includes all that he possesses in his own right plus all that Congress can delegate."
— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
JM
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"The constitutional magistracy was designed not to invent policy, but to be the faithful instrument of the laws passed by the people's representatives." — Speech in the First Congress (1789)
Madison would approve the structural posture of this order. The President acts strictly in subordination to statutory authority granted under Article II, Section 3 ("take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"). The checks and balances hold firm because the policy origin remains with the legislature.
Madisonian Stance: Concurring (Statutory)
AH
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)
Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.
Hamiltonian Stance: Supportive of Execution
GM
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
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Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
31 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8
Moderate Friction
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Administers commerce or fiscal programs requiring ongoing statutory delegation and legislative oversight.
Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3
Low Friction
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment
Moderate Friction
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments
Low Friction
Due Process & Individual Rights
Focuses on internal governmental operations with no direct impairment of private rights or property.
Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers
Low Friction
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The President operates strictly as the constitutional Chief Executive, carrying out policy established by Congress with strong statutory backing.
Benchmark: Express or Implied Congressional Authorization
⚖️
Audit Synthesis
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
ℹ️
How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
244
1,566 characters
Estimated Read Time
1 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
17.2
Post-Graduate Legal
Text size:
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Referenced By Later Executive Orders (2)
Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.
Gerald R. Ford • 1976-12-20
Gerald R. Ford • 1975-04-01
Related Executive Orders
Other executive actions signed by Gerald R. Ford around this period.
EO 11810 Sep 30, 1974
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11810—Continuing the Regulation of Exports
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Notwithstanding the expiration of the Export Administration Act of 1969, as amended, the provisions for administration of that act contained in Executive Order No. 11533 of June 4, 1970 as continued in effect by Executive Order No. 11683 of August 29, 1972, shall continue in…
Gerald R. Ford Post-Graduate Legal • 2m
EO 11808 Sep 30, 1974
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Fidelity (+0.29)
Executive Order 11808—Establishing the President's Economic Policy Board, and for Other Purposes
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
There is hereby established the President's Economic Policy Board (hereinafter referred to as the Board). SEC. 2. The Board shall consist of the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall be its Chairman, the Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs, the Secretary of State…
Gerald R. Ford Post-Graduate Legal • 3m
EO 11807 Sep 28, 1974
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Fidelity (+0.29)
Executive Order 11807—Occupational Safety and Health Programs for Federal Employees
📜 Art. II §3: Administrative Management & Civil Service
As the Nation's largest employer, the Federal Government has a special obligation to set an example for all employers by providing a safe and healthful working environment for its employees.
Gerald R. Ford Post-Graduate Legal • 8m
EO 11806 Sep 25, 1974
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11806—Amending Executive Order No. 11763 of January 17, 1974, to Extend the Life of the National Commission for the Observance of World Population Year
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Section 2(e) of Executive Order No. 11763 of January 17, 1974 (39 F.R. 2349), is revised to read in its entirety as follows: "(e) The Commission shall conclude its work and make a report to the President not later than June 30, 1975, at which time the Commission shall be deemed…
Gerald R. Ford High School • 1m
EO 11813 Oct 7, 1974
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11813—Permitting Cooperative Education Students to be Given Career or Career-Conditional Appointments
📜 Art. II §3: Administrative Management & Civil Service
As used in this order, "cooperative education" describes a program which provides for a formally arranged schedule of periods of attendance at an institution of higher learning combined with periods of study-related work in a Federal agency under a Schedule B appointment.
Gerald R. Ford Post-Graduate Legal • 2m
EO 11812 Oct 7, 1974
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11812—Adjusting the Rates of Basic Pay, Basic Allowance for Subsistence and Basic Allowance for Quarters for Members of the Uniformed Services
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority
The rates of monthly basic pay for members of the uniformed services within each pay grade are adjusted upwards as set forth in the following tables: SEC. 2.
Gerald R. Ford High School • 1m
📜
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 11,809 (Sept. 30, 1974), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-11809-establishing-the-presidents-labor-management-committee.
