By virtue of the authority vested in me by sections 1301 and 3301 of title 5 of the United States Code, and as President of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows: SECTION 1. As used in this order, "cooperative education" describes a program which provides for a formally arranged schedule of periods of attendance at an institution of higher learning combined with periods of study-related work in a Federal agency under a Schedule B appointment. Together, the periods of work and study satisfy requirements for a bachelor's degree and provide experience necessary for a career or career-conditional appointment to an administrative, professional, or technical position in the Federal Government upon the student's graduation. SEC. 2. Under this order, the appointment of a cooperative education student under Schedule B of the civil service rules may be converted noncompetitively to a career-conditional or career appointment if the student: (1) has completed within the preceding 90 days a cooperative education program that meets the provisions of this order; (2) has satisfied all requirements leading to the award of a bachelor's degree by the college or university in which the student completed his or her cooperative education curriculum; (3) is recommended for such appointment by the employing agency; and, (4) satisfies all other applicable requirements and conditions prescribed by the Civil Service Commission for career and career-conditional employment. SEC. 3. The Civil Service Commission shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this order and to provide for the coordination of the planning, implementation, and evaluation of employment of cooperative education students throughout the Government. The regulations shall provide for the periodic evaluation of the work of each cooperative education student and shall require that continuation in the program be dependent upon a finding of satisfactory performance. SEC. 4. Executive Order No. 11202 of March 5, 1965, iv hereby revoked. SEC. 5. This order shall become effective immediately. GERALD R. FORD The White House, October 7, 1974.
Executive Order 11813 ⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight Constitutional Neutral (+0.02)
📜 Art. II §3: Administrative Management & Civil Service
Executive Order 11813—Permitting Cooperative Education Students to be Given Career or Career-Conditional Appointments
Executive Brief • At a Glance
⏱️ 2 min read (332 words) •
● In Effect
🎯 Primary Mandate
Under this order, the appointment of a cooperative education student under Schedule B of the civil service rules may be converted noncompetitively to a career-conditional or career appointment if the student: (1) has completed within the preceding 90 days a cooperative education program that meets the provisions of this order; (2) has satisfied all requirements leading to the award of a bachelor's degree by the college or university in which the student completed his or her cooperative education curriculum; (3) is recommended for such appointment by the employing agency; and, (4) satisfies all other applicable requirements and conditions prescribed by the Civil Service Commission for career and career-conditional employment.
⚖️ Constitutional Footing
⚖️✨ Zone 2: Zone of Twilight
Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
📜 Art. II §3: Administrative Management & Civil Service
🏛️ Scope & Affected Sectors
Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Gerald R. Ford on October 7, 1974, this order concerns Permitting Cooperative Education Students to be Given Career or Career-Conditional Appointments. As used in this order, "cooperative education" describes a program which provides for a formally arranged schedule of periods of attendance at an institution of higher learning combined with periods of study-related work in a Federal agency under a Schedule B appointment.
Constitutional Assessment: This action represents an orderly exercise of Article II administrative discretion, managing the internal machinery and personnel of the executive branch without abridging the ancient liberties of the people.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
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Under this order, the appointment of a cooperative education student under Schedule B of the civil service rules may be converted noncompetitively to a career-conditional or career appointment if the student: (1) has completed within the preceding 90 days a cooperative education program that meets the provisions of this order; (2) has satisfied all requirements leading to the award of a bachelor's degree by the college or university in which the student completed his or her cooperative education curriculum; (3) is recommended for such appointment by the employing agency; and, (4) satisfies all other applicable requirements and conditions prescribed by the Civil Service Commission for career and career-conditional employment.
▪
The Civil Service Commission shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this order and to provide for the coordination of the planning, implementation, and evaluation of employment of cooperative education students throughout the Government.
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The regulations shall provide for the periodic evaluation of the work of each cooperative education student and shall require that continuation in the program be dependent upon a finding of satisfactory performance.
▪
Executive Order No. 11202 of March 5, 1965, iv hereby revoked.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
🏛️ Executive Departments & Federal Civil Servants
Policy Areas & Topics
🏛️
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight)
§
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
— Justice Robert H. Jackson, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
JM
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Madisonian Stance: Vigilant / Cautionary
AH
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the government; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory, must be, in practice, a bad government." — Federalist No. 70 (1788)
Hamilton would view this directive as the natural and indispensable functioning of administrative leadership. Without the power to coordinate agencies, manage personnel, and resolve operational ambiguities, the modern presidency would be reduced to an impotent figurehead.
Hamiltonian Stance: Defends Vigor & Dispatch
GM
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Anti-Federalist Stance: Eternal Vigilance Required
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Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
⚖️ Discretionary Twilight Zone
47 / 100 friction index
Dimension 1 • Art. I, §1 & §8
Moderate Friction
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Administers commerce or fiscal programs requiring ongoing statutory delegation and legislative oversight.
Benchmark: Power of the purse, taxes/tariffs, and rule of law reserved to Congress.
Dimension 2 • Art. II, §1 & §3
Moderate Friction
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Directs internal executive branch machinery, agency workflows, and federal personnel.
Benchmark: Faithfully execute laws enacted by Congress vs. unilateral decree.
Dimension 3 • 10th Amendment
Moderate Friction
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Benchmark: Police powers and un-delegated responsibilities reserved to the States.
Dimension 4 • 5th & 14th Amendments
Moderate Friction
Due Process & Individual Rights
Applies regulatory or compliance standards to private contractors or commercial entities.
Benchmark: Protection of private property, contracts, liberty, and procedural justice.
Dimension 5 • Separation of Powers
Moderate Friction
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
Benchmark: Concurrent Authority / Congressional Silence
⚖️
Audit Synthesis
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Weighted composite: Art. I (25%), Art. II (25%), Federalism (15%), Due Process (15%), Youngstown (20%).
ℹ️
How to read these dimensions: Executive power expands whenever an administration acts without explicit statutory authorization from Congress (Article I), touches upon police powers historically reserved to the states (Tenth Amendment), or limits private rights and property without judicial process. A low friction score indicates strict concordance with enacted law; a high friction score highlights orders testing the limits of presidential discretion.
Total Words
332
2,164 characters
Estimated Read Time
2 min
@ 200 words / min
Flesch-Kincaid
19.9
Post-Graduate Legal
Text size:
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Referenced By Later Executive Orders (1)
Subsequent presidents who cited, amended, continued, or revoked this directive in later orders.
Jimmy Carter • 1977-10-26
Related Executive Orders
1 order cited directly in this text, plus related actions from this administration.
EO 11202 Mar 5, 1965
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11202—Permitting Student Trainees to be Given Career or Career-Conditional Appointments
📜 Art. II §3: Administrative Management & Civil Service
The appointment of an employee occupying a Student Trainee position in a shortage occupation that is excepted from the competitive service under Schedule B of the Civil Service Rules shall be converted to a career-conditional or career appointment if he: (1) has successfully…
Lyndon B. Johnson Post-Graduate Legal • 1m
EO 11812 Oct 7, 1974
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11812—Adjusting the Rates of Basic Pay, Basic Allowance for Subsistence and Basic Allowance for Quarters for Members of the Uniformed Services
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority
The rates of monthly basic pay for members of the uniformed services within each pay grade are adjusted upwards as set forth in the following tables: SEC. 2.
Gerald R. Ford High School • 1m
EO 11811 Oct 7, 1974
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11811—Adjusting Rates of Pay for Certain Statutory Pay Systems
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
General Schedule SECTION 1. The rates of basic pay in the General Schedule contained in section 5332(a) of title 5 of the United States Code are adjusted as follows: Schedules for the Department of Medicine and Surgery of the Veterans' Administration SEC. 2.
Gerald R. Ford High School • 3m
EO 11814 Oct 11, 1974
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Fidelity (+0.29)
Executive Order 11814—Activation of the Energy Resources Council
📜 Art. II §2: Commander-in-Chief Supervisory Authority
In my address to the Congress on October 8, 1974, I expressed my intention to create a new National Energy Board, under the chairmanship of the Secretary of the Interior, to develop, coordinate, and assure the implementation of Federal energy policy.
Gerald R. Ford Post-Graduate Legal • 3m
EO 11810 Sep 30, 1974
⚖️✨ Zone 2 (Zone of Twilight) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11810—Continuing the Regulation of Exports
📜 Art. II §1: Executive Discretion & Internal Operations
Notwithstanding the expiration of the Export Administration Act of 1969, as amended, the provisions for administration of that act contained in Executive Order No. 11533 of June 4, 1970 as continued in effect by Executive Order No. 11683 of August 29, 1972, shall continue in…
Gerald R. Ford Post-Graduate Legal • 2m
EO 11809 Sep 30, 1974
🏛️✅ Zone 1 (Maximum Authority) Constitutional Neutral
Executive Order 11809—Establishing the President's Labor-Management Committee
📜 Art. I §8: Delegated Tariff & Commerce Execution
There is hereby established the President's Labor-Management Committee (hereinafter referred to as the Committee). The Committee shall consist of eight labor members and eight management members and a neutral coordinator, all to be designated by the President. SEC. 2.
Gerald R. Ford Post-Graduate Legal • 1m
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Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 11,813 (Oct. 7, 1974), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-11813-permitting-cooperative-education-students-be-given-career-or-career.
