By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Act of June 19, 1934 (ch. 657, 48 Stat. 1116), I hereby prescribe the following regulations governing the sale, manufacture, and importation of alcoholic beverages in the Canal Zone: 1. From and after the date of this order it shall be unlawful in the Canal Zone to sell or import any alcoholic beverage except as provided herein. The phrase "alcoholic beverages" when used in these regulations shall mean alcoholic beverages containing more than 3.2 per centum of alcohol by weight. 2. The sale of alcoholic beverages, except by transient vessels in Canal Zone waters to their passengers, shall be permitted in the Canal Zone only under a license or written authority as provided for in these regulations. 3. Except in areas reserved for the use of the Army and the Navy, the Governor of The Panama Canal may authorize the issuance of licenses to hotels, clubs, and Panama Railroad commissaries for the sale of alcoholic beverages. In accordance with policy determined by the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy, respectively, the Commanding General, Panama Canal Department, as to Army areas, and the Commandant, Fifteenth Naval District, as to Navy areas, by written authority may authorize the sale of alcoholic beverages by official agencies, including clubs, within the areas of the Canal Zone reserved for the use of the Army and Navy respectively, provided that such alcoholic beverages shall include only alcoholic beverages the sale of which in the Canal Zone is authorized by the Governor of The Panama Canal. The term "club" as used in these regulations shall mean an officially approved organization of persons which is the owner, lessee, or occupant of an establishment operated solely for recreational or social purposes. Such clubs shall be authorized to make sales of alcoholic beverages to their members only. 4. Licenses and written authorities issued under these regulations may embody such conditions consistent with good administrative policy as may appear reasonably necessary. 5. No license or written authority issued under these regulations shall be transferred, nor shall the privileges granted thereby be exercised through an assignee, contractor, or concessionaire. 6. The official by whose authority any license or written authority is issued under these regulations may suspend or revoke such license or written authority for a violation of any of the laws and regulations relating to the sale, manufacture, or importation of alcoholic beverages, or for a violation of any of the conditions of the license or written authority imposed under section 4 of these regulations. 7. All licenses issued under these regulations shall be kept posted under glass in a conspicuous place on the premises where the alcoholic beverages are sold. 8. The right of the United States to permit the importation of alcoholic beverages into the Canal Zone shall not be exercised while these regulations remain in effect: Provided , That nothing herein shall be construed to restrict importations into the Canal Zone of alcoholic beverages from the Republic of Panama, or the entry of alcoholic beverages arriving at Canal Zone ports for ultimate delivery to points beyond the Canal Zone. 9. The manufacture of alcoholic beverages in the Canal Zone is forbidden. 10. Nothing in these regulations shall apply to alcoholic liquors for sacramental, scientific, pharmaceutical, industrial, or medicinal purposes. 11. Any person violating any of the provisions of these regulations shall be punished by a fine of not more than $500 or imprisoned in jail for not more than 6 months, or by both, and in addition the license of any such person may be revoked or suspended, as provided in the Act of June 19, 1934 (ch. 657, 48 Stat. 1116). FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT The White House, March 25, 1935.
Executive Order 6997—Prescribing Regulations Governing the Manufacture, Importation, and Sale of Alcoholic Beverages in the Canal Zone
Executive Brief • At a Glance
I hereby prescribe the following regulations governing the sale, manufacture, and importation of alcoholic beverages in the Canal Zone: 1.
Plain-English Translation & Framers' Constitutional Analysis
Early Statesman synthesis distilling legal jargon into practical meaning, statutory anchors, and structural constitutional impacts.
Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 25, 1935, this order concerns Prescribing Regulations Governing the Manufacture, Importation, and Sale of Alcoholic Beverages in the Canal Zone. I hereby prescribe the following regulations governing the sale, manufacture, and importation of alcoholic beverages in the Canal Zone: 1. From and after the date of this order it shall be unlawful in the Canal Zone to sell or import any alcoholic beverage except as provided herein.
Key Directives & Operative Actions
I hereby prescribe the following regulations governing the sale, manufacture, and importation of alcoholic beverages in the Canal Zone: 1.
From and after the date of this order it shall be unlawful in the Canal Zone to sell or import any alcoholic beverage except as provided herein.
The phrase "alcoholic beverages" when used in these regulations shall mean alcoholic beverages containing more than 3.2 per centum of alcohol by weight. 2.
The sale of alcoholic beverages, except by transient vessels in Canal Zone waters to their passengers, shall be permitted in the Canal Zone only under a license or written authority as provided for in these regulations. 3.
Constitutional & Societal Entities Impacted
Policy Areas & Topics
The Framers' Constitutional Council
1787 PrismEvaluating this order against the constitutional debates of 1787 and the limits of Article II executive power.
"When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority."
James Madison
Separation of Powers & Legislative Primacy
"Power is of an encroaching nature, and it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it." — Federalist No. 48 (1788)
Madison would view this order with watchful scrutiny. Operating in the 'Zone of Twilight' where Congress is silent, each such directive establishes an administrative precedent that steadily expands the executive perimeter at the expense of legislative primacy.
Alexander Hamilton
The Energetic Executive & Unified Command
"The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength must be under the direction of the single hand of the Executive." — Federalist No. 74 (1788)
Hamilton would forcefully champion executive discretion here. For foreign entanglements, commerce defense, and national security, deliberative assemblies are too slow and faction-ridden. A unified, energetic Executive exercising swift command is precisely what the Philadelphia Convention intended for national preservation.
George Mason
Bill of Rights, Due Process & 10th Amendment
"The president will be surrounded by flatterers and sycophants... and the great powers of the executive will gradually absorb the liberties of the people." — Cato IV (Anti-Federalist, 1787)
The Anti-Federalist prism advises continuous democratic vigilance. Even routine administrative directives aggregate centralized federal power away from town halls and state assemblies toward a distant executive apparatus.
Five Measurable "Constitutional Friction" Dimensions
An objective audit measuring potential separation-of-powers tension against the United States Constitution and established Supreme Court doctrine.
Legislative Encroachment & Purse
Administers commerce or fiscal programs requiring ongoing statutory delegation and legislative oversight.
Executive Scope & Faithfulness
Exercises standard supervisory executive authority to faithfully execute existing statutes.
Federalism & State Sovereignty
Engages state and local partners in cooperative federalism programs.
Due Process & Individual Rights
Applies regulatory or compliance standards to private contractors or commercial entities.
Youngstown Jacksonian Tier
The order relies on inherent Article II executive discretion, civil service management, or foreign diplomacy where Congress has neither expressly approved nor prohibited action.
This order operates within Justice Jackson’s Zone of Twilight, resting upon concurrent presidential authority or congressional silence.
Scholarly & Legal Citations
Exec. Order No. 6997 (Mar. 25, 1935), https://executiveordersarchive.org/orders/app-executive-order-6997-prescribing-regulations-governing-the-manufacture-importation-and.